Recombinant Human TTR Protein (C-6His)

Name: Recombinant Human TTR Protein (C-6His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-0537NP
Availability: InStock

BL-0537NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)

Collections: All products, High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Transthyretin is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Gly21-Glu147 is expressed with a 6His tag at the C-terminus.
Accession	P02766
Synonym	Transthyretin; ATTR; Prealbumin; TBPA; TTR; PALB
Gene Background	Transthyretin is a secreted and cytoplasm protein which belongs to the Transthyretin family. Transthyretin is detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (at protein level). It is highly expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells. It is also detected in retina pigment epithelium and liver. Each monomer of Transthyretin has two 4-stranded beta sheets and the shape of a prolate ellipsoid. Antiparallel beta-sheet interactions link monomers into dimers. A short loop from each monomer forms the main dimer-dimer interaction. These two pairs of loops separate the opposed, convex beta-sheets of the dimers to form an internal channel. Defects in Transthyretin are the cause of amyloidosis type 1 (AMYL1) which is a hereditary generalized amyloidosis due to transthyretin amyloid deposition. Protein fibrils can form in different tissues leading to amyloid polyneuropathies, amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, systemic senile amyloidosis. The disease includes leptomeningeal amyloidosis that is characterized by primary involvement of the central nervous system.
Molecular Mass	14.8 KDa
Apmol Mass	17&36 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20mM Tris-HCl, 150mM NaCl, pH 8.0.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity	Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
Biological Activity	Not tested
Reconstitution	Always centrifuge tubes before opening. Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage	Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Subcellular Location	Secreted. Cytoplasm.
Protein Families	Transthyretin family
Database References	HGNC: 12405 OMIM: 105210 KEGG: hsa:7276 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000237014 UniGene: PMID: 28484271 In this review, we discussed the role of Ttr in CNS and its possible role in the neuroprotection mechanism of Semax. PMID: 30383932 serum prealbumin, and its changes were independent predictors of worse prognosis in acute kidney injury (AKI), and could be potential surrogates to better predict 90-day mortality. PMID: 28145481 T139R mutation may expose the buried regions of TTR protein which help in the self association and the increase in the stability may help in the TTR deposition. Structural analysis indicated that F and H strands of TTR are more prone to aggregation. Thus, T139R mutation might cause these residues to be aggregation prone and change in folding rate and validated TTR monomer in diseased cases by Western blot analysis. PMID: 29564986 High TTR expression is associated with hypertriglyceridemia. PMID: 29747616 Our study characterizes G101S TTR as a stable and N-glycosylable TTR, which may be linked to its non-amyloidogenic characteristic. G101S TTR had slower rate of tetramer dissociation and lower propensity for amyloid fibril formation, especially at mild low pH (4.2 and 4.5), and was likely to have strong hydrophobic interaction among TTR monomers, suggesting relatively higher stability of G101S TTR compared with WT TTR. PMID: 29607936 studies of a unique duplication mutation explain its diflunisal-resistant nature, identify misfolding pathways for amyloidogenic TTR variants, and provide therapeutic targets to inhibit amyloid fibril formation by variant TTR. PMID: 29941560 At physiological temperature, the monomeric intermediate formed by wild-type TTR under mildly acidic conditions rapidly aggregates into species that are invisible to NMR, leading to loss of the NMR signal at the same rate as the turbidity increase. PMID: 29915031 We report here three non-related Hungarian cases of transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy with non-Val30Met mutations (His88Arg in two cases, Phe33Leu in one case) PMID: 29465889 A novel amyloidogenic TTR mutation was found in a Dutch family PMID: 28460244 Patients with ATTRV30M amyloidosis in non-endemic areas and patients with non-V30M ATTR amyloidosis occurred more frequently than previously believed, and their clinical manifestations were diverse. PMID: 29177547 Results indicate that TTR stability is important for its recently described functions in assisting Abeta transport at the BBB and at the liver and also in regulating LRP1 levels and activity. TTR stabilization can serve as an avenue to increase both Abeta elimination and LRP1 levels, which in turn will further participate in Abeta clearance. PMID: 28570028 Findings are the first to show that TTR deposition increases disease severity in the murine DMM and aging model of OA. PMID: 28941045 This study demonstrated that both cardiac and peripheral vasomotor autonomic dysfunctions were prevalent in late-onset FAP ATTR Val30Met patients from non-endemic areas, even in those without orthostatic intolerance. PMID: 28983659 could potentially downregulate the TTR promoter activity; c.200+4A>G might influence the constitutive splicing of TTR mRNA PMID: 27562180 Systematic computational prioritization identified a missense mutation c.G148T in TTR gene which results in a p.V50L substitution known to cause transthyretin-related familial amyloid polyneuropathy. PMID: 27212199 This stuidy found two mutations, Thr49Ala(p.Thr69Ala) and Tyr116Ser(p.Tyr136 Ser), were detected in Chinese familial amyloid polyneuropathy patients for the first time. PMID: 27859927 The results suggest an association between presumed nonamyloidogenic mutations in the TTR gene and the development of autonomic and small fiber neuropathy. PMID: 28556268 Clinical, electrophysiological, histopathological, and genetic characteristics of 17 patients from Turkey (5 female, 13 male) from nine families with polyneuropathy and mutations in TTR were evaluated. Sequence analysis of the TTR gene revealed five mutations (Val30Met, Glu89Gln, Gly53Glu, Glu54Gly and Gly47Glu). Study suggests that a cohort of patients from Turkey with TTR-FAP exhibits clinical and genetic heterogeneity. PMID: 27238058 It is one of the major Abeta-binding proteins acting as a neuroprotector in AD. In addition, TTR cleaves Abeta peptide in vitro. PMID: 28780366 Stroke patients with lower transthyretin levels had poorer Functional Independence Measure outcomes and tended not to be discharged to their own homes. PMID: 28314625 TTR expression varied across human populations PMID: 28335735 Cell-based experiments showed that overexpression of TTR could improve HK-2 cell viability and inhibit apoptosis. PMID: 29040977 These results clarify a negligible degree of unfolding of beta-strand C in the formation of the amyloidogenic state and establish the concept that TTR is a highly plastic protein able to populate at least three distinct conformational states. PMID: 28478513 A strong phenotypic heterogeneity was demonstrated across coding mutations causing TTR amyloidosis. Non-coding variants affect TTR expression and, consequently, phenotypic presentation in carriers of amyloidogenic mutations. PMID: 28635949 Serum prealbumin was significantly lower in patients with versus those without post-stroke depression, and was a significant predictor of post-stroke depression after adjusting for confounding risk factors. PMID: 27693925 TTR induced apoptosis of retinal microvascular endothelial cells in an environment that simulated hypoxia. PMID: 28950253 Data suggest that transthyretin exhibits site-specific solvation of the indole ring of tryptophans W41 and W79; these studies involved incorporation of tryptophan labeled with fluorine at 5 or 6 positions (5-fluorotryptophan/5FW or 6-fluorotryptophan/6FW) into recombinant TTR; replacement of fluorine at 5-position of a tryptophan with one at adjacent 6-position emphasizes delicate balance of stability in TTR tetramer. PMID: 28920433 This study shows that highly destabilized, aggregation-prone TTR variants are secreted as both native tetramers and non-native conformations that accumulate as high-molecular-weight oligomers. PMID: 27720586 The role of transthyretin in normal pregnancy is reviewed. PMID: 27650990 the role of H88 and the hydrogen bond network in the stability of TTR PMID: 28563699 we identify a somatic mosaicism, in several subjects affected by familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, involving the dominant c.325G>C mutation of the TTR gene PMID: 28508289 The role of Transthyretin in the regulation of Ubc9 SUMOylation PMID: 27501389 Gene sequencing revealed a phenylalanine-->isoleucine mutation in the 33rd position of exon 2 of TTR in 1 patient of 1 pedigree, confirming the diagnosis of FAP. Two patients subsequently were found to have sensorimotor autonomic neuropathy, whereas 2 others had subclinical autonomic dysfunction. PMID: 28412068 TTR V30M aggregates and autophagy impairment are associated with Transthyretin amyloidoses . PMID: 27382986 In Afro-Caribbean patients living in London, ATTR V122I is an underappreciated cause of heart failure, and cardiomyopathy is often misattributed to hypertension. PMID: 27618855 Val122Ile is the most common transthyretin mutation, and neurologic phenotypic expression differs between wild-type disease and Val122Ile, but survival from enrollment in THAOS does not. PMID: 27386769 In the bound state, the Hsp90 dimer predominantly populates an open conformation, and transthyretin retains its globular structure. PMID: 28218749 findings show that, at physiologically-relevant protein concentrations, the refolding pathways of WT-TTR and amyloidogenic variant V30M-TTR follow a common mechanism observed among other tetrameric proteins; although sharing the same kinetic mechanism, V30M-TTR refolds at a slower rate than WT-TTR, a feature that may favor the formation of transient species leading to kinetic partition into amyloidogenic pathways PMID: 27589730 This study reports the discovery of a TTR mutant, N98A, that was more effective at inhibiting ABETA aggregation than wild-type (WT) TTR, although N98A and WT bound ABETA equally. PMID: 27099354 Results provide evidence that TTR acts as a carrier of Abeta at the blood-brain-barrier and liver, using LRP1. PMID: 26837706 The study reports a Japanese family with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis with the TTR G47R mutation in which one family member developed the disease at the age of 13. PMID: 27206384 a point mutation was identified in the upstream regulatory region of the TTR gene in a Han Chinese family with familial vitreous amyloidosis. PMID: 27051017 Data indicte that the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to crystallize transthyretin (TTR complexes have resulted in a new trigonal polymorph with two tetramers in the asymmetric unit. PMID: 26796656 A novel autosomally inherited Lys90Glu mutation in the TTR gene in a family with vitreous amyloidosis and carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID: 26828956 illustrates the diversity of symptoms encountered in homozygote ATTR V30M patients PMID: 26587769 Caucasian patients with the Val142Ile pathogenic variant have phenotypic manifestations similar to African-Americans PMID: 26428663 Data suggest that well-structured AB loop regions of TTR in native/homotetrameric/stable state become dissociated/disordered/unfolded at low pH; during refolding, structural perturbations in AB loop appear and facilitate misfolding and amyloid formation. PMID: 26998642 Eight water molecules stabilize the dimeric structure through an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. PMID: 26527142 Study elucidated alterations in TTR, APP and the global gene expression profile in the frontal cortex between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients and nondemented control brain PMID: 26444765

FAQs

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

To learn more about how to properly dissolve the lyophilized recombinant protein, please visit Lyophilization FAQs.

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Recombinant Human TTR Protein (C-6His)

Recombinant Human TTR Protein (C-6His)

Product Overview

Target Details

FAQs