Recombinant Human Platelet Factor 4 Protein (PF4), Active

Name: Recombinant Human Platelet Factor 4 Protein (PF4), Active
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-05533P
Availability: InStock

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Platelet Factor 4 Protein (PF4), Active is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a full length protein.
Purity	Greater than 97% as determined by SDS-PAGE and HPLC.
Endotoxin	Less than 1.0 EU/μg as determined by LAL method.
Activity	Fully biologically active when compared to standard. The biological activity determined by a chemotaxis bioassay using human fibroblasts is in a concentration of 1.0-10 ng/ml.
Uniprotkb	P02776
Target Symbol	PF4
Synonyms	C-X-C motif chemokine 4; Chemokine (C X C motif) ligand 4; Chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 4; chemokine ligand 4; CXCL 4; CXCL4; Iroplact; MGC138298; Oncostatin A; Oncostatin-A; OncostatinA; PF 4; PF-4; PF4; Pf4a; Platelet factor 4; PLF4_HUMAN; SCYB 4; SCYB4; short form; Small inducible cytokine subfamily B; Small inducible cytokine subfamily member 4
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	E.coli
Tag	Tag-Free
Complete Sequence	EAEEDGDLQC LCVKTTSQVR PRHITSLEVI KAGPHCPTAQ LIATLKNGRK ICLDLQAPLY KKIIKKLLES
Expression Range	32-101aa
Protein Length	Full Length of Mature Protein
Mol. Weight	7.8 kDa
Research Area	Immunology
Form	Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Lyophilized from a 0.2 µm filtered PBS, pH 7.4
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Released during platelet aggregation. Neutralizes the anticoagulant effect of heparin because it binds more strongly to heparin than to the chondroitin-4-sulfate chains of the carrier molecule. Chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes. Inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, the short form is a more potent inhibitor than the longer form.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.
Protein Families	Intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family
Database References	HGNC: 8861 OMIM: 173460 KEGG: hsa:5196 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000296029 UniGene: PMID: 29193036 The data show that antibodies magnify immune responses induced in PBMCs by PF4 alone or in complex with heparin or LMWH. Authors propose that following induction of HIT antibodies by heparin-PF4 complexes, binding of the antibodies to PF4 is sufficient to induce a local pro-inflammatory response which may play a role in the progression of HIT. PMID: 28968537 Report anti-PF4/H monoclonal antibody with a human Fc fragment, which induces similar cellular activation as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies. PMID: 28771917 PF4 was produced by Ly6G+CD11b+ immature myeloid cells in the early stage premetastatic lungs, and decreased during metastatic progression. PMID: 27223426 The CXCL4 monomer acts as the minimal active unit for interacting with CXCR3 N-Terminal Sulfated Peptide, and sulfation of N-terminal tyrosine residues on the receptor is important for binding. PMID: 28945356 These findings support PF4 as a cancer-enhancing endocrine signal that controls discrete aspects of bone marrow hematopoiesis and tumor microenvironment. PMID: 27829148 data support that increased levels of circulating CXCL4 may contribute to immune dysregulation through the modulation of dendritic cell differentiation PMID: 28515281 Endometrial CXCL4 mRNA concentrations were significantly increased during menstruation. In women with heavy menstrual bleeding, CXCL4 was reduced in endothelial cells during the menstrual phase compared with women with normal menstrual bleeding. These data implicate CXCL4 in endometrial repair after menses. PMID: 28323919 Two haplotype blocks, one upstream to the coding region of UGT2A1 (rs146712414, P = 9.1 x 10(-5); odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.56) and one downstream of the genes PF4/PPBP/CXCL5 (rs1595009, P = 1.3 x 10(-4); OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.15-1.52), were associated with AgP. PMID: 28467728 These data demonstrate that the CXCR2 network and CXCL4 play a role in the maintenance of normal HSC/HPC cell fates, including survival and self-renewal. PMID: 27222476 The major aim of this review article was to evaluate the role of CXCL4 in hematological malignancies, promotion of HSC quiescence as well as BM niche cells. PMID: 26803701 binding of PF4 to perlecan was found to inhibit both FGF2 signaling and platelet activation PMID: 28115521 CXCL4 plays an important role in pancreatic inflammation PMID: 27183218 The hitherto unknown association of increased serum CXCL4 with features of microvascular impairment in primary Sjogren's syndrome, along with the negative association with features of lymphocytic response suggest clarifying the possible implication of this chemokine in primary Sjogren's syndrome pathogenesis in larger studies. PMID: 27562035 serum concentration of CXCL4 was significantly increased in patients with Chronic Liver Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD); CXCL4 mRNA was significantly increased in subjects with CLAD versus individuals without CLAD PMID: 28053995 Plasma levels of CXCL4 are associated with tumour vascularity. PMID: 27098116 Data suggest that, in patients with hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis, PF4/CXCL4 serum levels are significantly lower in those with subclinical hypothyroidism than in euthyroid control subjects. PMID: 26142741 Expression of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs in middle ear effusion is associated with the pathophysiology of otitis media with effusion. PMID: 26810286 PF4 changed its structure upon binding to polyP in a similar way as seen in PF4/heparin complexes. PF4/polyP complexes exposed neoepitopes to which human anti-PF4/heparin antibodies bound. PMID: 26225544 PF4 has a complex intramedullary life cycle with important implications in megakaryopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell replication not seen with other tested alpha granule proteins. PMID: 26256688 A subset of heparin-treated patients produce subthreshold levels of platelet-activating anti-PF4/heparin antibodies that do not cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. PMID: 26291604 Synovial Cxcl4 mRNA and protein were increased in early rheumatoid arthritis compared to uninflamed controls and resolving arthritis. PMID: 25858640 Results found that CXCL4 plasma levels did not differ between patients with and without coronary artery disease. Also, no association between CXCL4 levels and plaque characteristics including plaque volume, calcium score, or vascular remodeling. PMID: 26524462 Heparin enhances antigen uptake and activation of the initial steps in the cellular immune response to PF4-containing complexes. PMID: 25960020 PF4-heparin complexes can elicit a TLR4-mediated response, suggesting that these complexes can mimic a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and supporting the suggestion that the HIT immune response represents a misdirected host defense mechanism. PMID: 25604035 CXCL4 insufficiency may be involved in specific inflammatory microenvironment of ovarian cancers arising in endometriosis. PMID: 22555803 effective for prediction of the risk of thrombosis in hemodialysis patients PMID: 24665827 although all HIT antibodies recognize PF4 in a complex with heparin, only a subset of these antibodies recognize more subtle epitopes induced in PF4 when it binds to CS, the major platelet glycosaminoglycan PMID: 25342714 The interaction of PF4 with unfractionated heparin (UFH), its 16-, 8-, and 6-mer subfractions, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and the pentasaccharide fondaparinux, was characterized. PMID: 25150299 CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 activated p38 MAPK, as well as Src kinase within 30 and 5 min, respectively. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation occurred in activated lymphocytes. PMID: 24469069 eutopic endometrial stromal cells from deep infiltrating endometriosis patients are attracted into the peritoneal cavity through the interaction between CXCR4 expressed on their membrane and CXCL12 produced in the peritoneal cavity. PMID: 24534089 Data suggest that healthy adult stem cells exposed to vitreous/aqueous humors of subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy results in increased expression of CXCL4, serpin F1, and endothelin-1 (aqueous only). PMID: 25159325 Platelet factor 4 exhibits antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. PMID: 23245326 Plasma VEGF was significantly reduced in low birth weight (LBW) neonates while that of sVEGFR-1 and PF4 were significantly higher. VEGF/sVEGF/PF4 pathway seems to be involved in the endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in LBW neonates. PMID: 23701307 Platelet factor 4 has significant crosstalk with vascular endothelial growth factor by modulating cell migration and signal transduction pathways. PMID: 24023389 Baseline PF4 and beta-TG plasma levels were found remarkably higher and no significant reduction was observed at the endpoint in patients with residual major depression PMID: 23611535 RUNX1, but not its mutants, strongly and synergistically activates PF4 expression along with ETS family proteins PMID: 23848403 certain genotypes of ACP1 associated with high phosphatase activity may increase the T-cell response to PF4-heparin complexes, with higher levels of circulating antibodies PMID: 23621699 Histones regulate activated protein C formation in a manner similar to PF4 and suggest heparinoids may be benificial in sepsis. PMID: 24177324 physical relationship between the PF4-positive thrombi and the heparin-coated surface suggests that onset of HIT II could be influenced by the immobilized heparin coating PMID: 23769097 Distinct specificity and single-molecule kinetics characterize the interaction of pathogenic and non-pathogenic antibodies against platelet factor 4-heparin complexes with platelet factor 4. PMID: 24097975 Release of CXCL4 by activated platelets inhibits HIV-1 infection of adjacent T cells at the stage of virus entry. PMID: 23634812 Anti-PF4/heparin IgG antibodies generated after coronary artery bypass grafting are associated with early venous graft occlusion. PMID: 23216710 Report ability of enoxaparin-derived oligosaccharides to induce platelet activation and exposure of platelet-factor 4 epitopes recognized by antibodies developed in heparin induced thrombocytopenia. PMID: 22235911 This study aimed at examining the presence and role of chemokines (angiogenic CCL2/MCP-1 and angiostatic CXCL4/PF-4, CXCL9/Mig, CXCL10/IP-10) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PMID: 23352833 This study highlights the importance of PF4 variants in the regulation of platelet activation (PF4) and systemic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) serum biomarkers. PMID: 22763266 platelet molecule platelet factor 4 (PF4 or CXCL4) and the erythrocyte Duffy-antigen receptor (Fy) are necessary for platelet-mediated killing of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. PMID: 23224555 The present review describes the role of CXCL4-PF4 in cancer, the immunobiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of HIT, and the specific problems faced in cancer patients. PMID: 22682144 Differences in the properties of anti-PF4 antibodies that cause thrombocytopenia not revealed by ELISA that correlate with oligomerization of PF4 and sustained high-avidity interactions that may simulate transient antibody-antigen interactions in vivo. PMID: 22577175 Examined the prognostic values of SARS-associated proteome, and deciphered the identities of those with prognostic values.The associations of decreased serum PF4 and increased serum beta-TG levels with poor prognosis were confirmed by Western blot. PMID: 22740477

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

To learn more about how to properly dissolve the lyophilized recombinant protein, please visit Lyophilization FAQs.