Recombinant Human Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Protein (His)

Name: Recombinant Human Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Protein (His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-00115P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Collections: All products, High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Protein (His) is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a protein fragment.
Purity	Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Activity	Not tested.
Uniprotkb	Q5S007
Target Symbol	LRRK2
Synonyms	(Dardarin)
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	E.coli
Tag	C-6His
Target Protein Sequence	VKKKSNSISVGEFYRDAVLQRCSPNLQRHSNSLGPIFDHEDLLKRKRKILSSDDSLRSSKLQSHMRHSDSISSLASEREYITSLDLSANELRDIDALSQKCCISVHLEHLEKLELHQNALTSFPQQLCETLKSLTHLDLHSNKFTSFPSYLLKMSCIANLDVSRNDIGPSVVLDPTVKCPTLKQFNLSYNQLSFVPENLTDVVEKLEQLILEGNKISGICSPLRLKELKILNLSKNHISSLSENFLEACPKVESFSARMNFLAAMPFLPPSMTILKLSQNKFSCIPEAILNLPHLRSLDMSSNDIQYLPGPAHWKSLNLRELLFSHNQISILDLSEKAYLWSRVEKLHLSHNKLKEIPPEIGCLENLTSLDVSYNLELRSFPNEMGKLSKIWDLPLDELHLNFDFKHIGCKAKDIIRFLQQRLKKAVPYNRMKLMIVGNTGSGKTTLLQQLMKTKKSDLGMQSATVGIDVKDWPIQIRDKRKRDLVLNVWDFAGREEFYSTHPHFMTQRALYLAVYDLSKGQAEVDAMKPWLFNIKARASSSPVILV
Expression Range	904-1450aa
Protein Length	Partial
Mol. Weight	69.3 kDa
Research Area	Cancer
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Serine/threonine-protein kinase which phosphorylates a broad range of proteins involved in multiple processes such as neuronal plasticity, autophagy, and vesicle trafficking. Is a key regulator of RAB GTPases by regulating the GTP/GDP exchange and interaction partners of RABs through phosphorylation. Phosphorylates RAB3A, RAB3B, RAB3C, RAB3D, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAB8A, RAB8B, RAB10, RAB12, RAB35, and RAB43. Regulates the RAB3IP-catalyzed GDP/GTP exchange for RAB8A through the phosphorylation of 'Thr-72' on RAB8A. Inhibits the interaction between RAB8A and GDI1 and/or GDI2 by phosphorylating 'Thr-72' on RAB8A. Regulates primary ciliogenesis through phosphorylation of RAB8A and RAB10, which promotes SHH signaling in the brain. Together with RAB29, plays a role in the retrograde trafficking pathway for recycling proteins, such as mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR), between lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus in a retromer-dependent manner. Regulates neuronal process morphology in the intact central nervous system (CNS). Plays a role in synaptic vesicle trafficking. Plays an important role in recruiting SEC16A to endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) and in regulating ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport and ERES organization. Positively regulates autophagy through a calcium-dependent activation of the CaMKK/AMPK signaling pathway. The process involves activation of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) receptors, increase in lysosomal pH, and calcium release from lysosomes. Phosphorylates PRDX3. By phosphorylating APP on 'Thr-743', which promotes the production and the nuclear translocation of the APP intracellular domain (AICD), regulates dopaminergic neuron apoptosis. Independent of its kinase activity, inhibits the proteosomal degradation of MAPT, thus promoting MAPT oligomerization and secretion. In addition, has GTPase activity via its Roc domain which regulates LRRK2 kinase activity.
Subcellular Location	Cytoplasmic vesicle. Perikaryon. Golgi apparatus membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Cell projection, axon. Cell projection, dendrite. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle membrane. Endosome. Lysosome. Mitochondrion outer membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.
Protein Families	Protein kinase superfamily, TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family
Database References	HGNC: 18618 OMIM: 168600 KEGG: hsa:120892 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000298910 UniGene: PMID: 29989150 The data of this study and the existing results strongly suggest that the autonomic features of manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers are generally indistinguishable from those of sporadic Parkinson's disease. PMID: 28483388 that the hemipterous pathway plays an important role in Lrrk2-linked Parkinsonism in flies PMID: 29268033 Our findings reveal a new function of LRRK2 mediated by Rab8a phosphorylation and related to various centrosomal defects. PMID: 29357897 This review summarizes the cellular function and pathophysiology of LRRK2 ROCO domain mutations in PD and the perspective of therapeutic approaches. PMID: 29903014 Aging brain is more susceptible to LRRK2-associated pathology, and in this model, glial LRRK2 expression significantly contributed to neuroinflammation, ultimately causing neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease. PMID: 29550548 LRRK2 R1398H or N551K variants do not appear to modulate the risk of Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 29241968 Mutant LRRK2 disrupts synaptic vesicle endocytosis, leading to altered dopamine metabolism and dopamine-mediated toxic effects in patient-derived dopaminergic neurons. PMID: 29735704 Rab8a is phosphorylated by LRRK2. PMID: 29482628 Interrogating Parkinson's disease LRRK2 kinase pathway activity by assessing Rab10 phosphorylation in human neutrophils has been reported. PMID: 29127255 In vivo activity of the LRRK2 Parkinson's disease kinase has been reported. PMID: 29127256 Studied leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-WAS protein family member 2 (WAVE2) pathway in modulation of phagocytosis in leukocytes, as well as its possible role for altered immune function in Parkinson's Disease. PMID: 29760073 The LRRK2 mutation Gly2019Ser is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease worldwide. PMID: 27751534 we found that patients with Parkinson's disease who were carriers of the G2385R variant of the LRRK2 gene were more prone to fatigue than non-carriers PMID: 28941828 These data indicate that mitochondrial deficits in the context of LRRK2 G2019S are not a global phenomenon and point to distinct sirtuin and bioenergetic deficiencies intrinsic to dopaminergic neurons, which may underlie dopaminergic neuron loss in Parkinson's disease. PMID: 29129681 The G2019S-LRRK2 mutation upregulates LRRK2-kinase activity-dependent autophosphorylation at Ser1292 in exosomes captured from peripheral and brain-derived exosomes. LRRK2 protein in brain exosomes may be much more active than in the periphery in most subjects PMID: 29166931 phosphorylation of LRRK2 following inhibitor treatment shows target engagement in peripheral mononuclear cells from Parkinson's disease patients PMID: 27503089 Data indicate the generation of an Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-based model of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) with or without RS1491923, which is a common risk variant in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) locus. PMID: 29513666 These results implicate LRRK2 in primary ciliogenesis and suggest that Rab-mediated protein transport and/or signaling defects at cilia may contribute to LRRK2-dependent pathologies. PMID: 29125462 Comparative analysis of motor and non-motor features in LRRK2 and GBA mutation carriers and non-carriers conducted in a cohort from Brazil, a country with a highly miscegenated population. Similarly to other studies, our results suggest that mutations in GBA and LRRK2 influence the clinical signs of the Parkinson's disease, with significant implications for handling of specific patient groups. PMID: 28991672 that LRRK2 regulates the balance between WNT/beta-catenin and WNT/PCP signaling PMID: 28697798 Study describes a distinctive genomic signature of neural and intestinal organoids from familial Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutatiin (LK2GS) . Study provides the first evidence that LK2GS mutation also causes significant changes in gene expression in the intestinal cells. PMID: 28235153 human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) reprogrammed from skin fibroblasts of Parkinson's disease patients suffering from the LRKK2 G2019S mutation. PMID: 27640816 S129P-alphaS plays a role in the maintenance or formation of long neurites. PMID: 28826027 Nrf2 sequestered misfolded diffuse LRRK2 into more insoluble and homogeneous inclusion bodies. PMID: 28028237 R1628P variant of LRRK2 has a significant association with the risk of PD. PMID: 27812003 Mild cognitive impairment may appear earlier than motor dysfunctions in LRRK2-G2019S mutation carriers. PMID: 28487191 Authors found that HOTAIR was up-regulated in midbrain tissue of MTPT induced PD mice and in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to MPP+. With the presence of HOTAIR overexpression in SH-SY5Y cells, the expression of LRRK2 was increased compared with that in the control. PMID: 28445933 Findings support the hypothesis that LRRK2 G2019S-induced mtDNA damage is LRRK2 kinase activity dependent, uncovering a novel pathological role for this kinase. PMID: 28973664 Author demonstrated that LRRK2 increases the expression of p53 and p21 by increasing the Mdm2 phosphorylation in response to DNA damage. Loss-of-function in LRRK2 has the opposite effect to that of LRRK2. PMID: 28973420 report that LRRK2(G2019S) mutation carriers with Parkinson's disease exhibit a high concentration of mitochondrial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid PMID: 27260835 The results of this study suggest that mutations on specific genes (PARK2 and LRRK2) compromising basal ganglia functioning may be subtly related to language-processing mechanisms. PMID: 28205494 Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the major genetic cause of autosomal-dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 is implicated in the regulation of intracellular trafficking, neurite outgrowth and PD risk in connection with Rab7L1, a putative interactor of LRRK2. The modulation of Ser72 phosphorylation in Rab7L1 resulted in an alteration of the trans-Golgi network. PMID: 29223392 This study identified five microRNAs that play a role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease likely by modifying expression of LRRK2 and additional genes required for normal cellular function. PMID: 27717584 Thus study shown LRRK2 does not appear to play a major role in dementia with Lewy bodies. PMID: 27521182 LRRK2-induced apoptosis was suppressed by ASK1 inhibition in neuronal stem cells derived from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). These results clearly indicate that LRRK2 acts as an upstream kinase in the ASK1 pathway and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD PMID: 28888991 The results of this study revealed clinical heterogeneity of the LRRK2 p.I2012T substitution, and demonstrated the use of targeted NGS for genetic diagnosis in multiplex families with PD or mixed neurodegenerative disorders. PMID: 27628070 Parkinson's disease is associated with mutations in LRRK2 gene in Ashkenazi Jews. PMID: 27449028 Data elucidate the mechanism underlying the increased microtubules association of select pathogenic LRRK2 mutants or of pharmacologically kinase-inhibited LRRK2, with implications for downstream microtubule-mediated transport events. PMID: 28453723 Inflammation seems to be associated with the presence of a specific clinical subtype in PDLRRK2 that is characterized by a broad and more severely affected spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms PMID: 28102045 R1628P polymorphism of the LRRK2 gene contributes to Parkinson's disease susceptibility in Asian, especially Chinese, populations.[meta-analysis] PMID: 27384489 In contrast to PD, common LRRK2 variants do not appear to play a major role in determining PSP and corticobasal degeneration risk. PMID: 27709685 G2385R and G2019S Parkinson's disease appear to have motor differences PMID: 27091104 LRRK2 regulates intracellular Tau levels, contributing to the progression of the pathology caused by the LRRK2-mediated proteasome impairment. PMID: 26014385 The G2019S mutation is associated with increased asymmetry and variability among nonmanifesting participants and patients with PD. PMID: 27430880 Peripheral inflammation is higher in a percentage of Parkinson subjects carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. PMID: 26917005 The CSF protein profile differs in LRRK2-associated PD and idiopathic PD, suggesting that pathophysiological mechanisms different from IPD underlie LRRK2-associated PD. PMID: 27041685 Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers showed functional connectivity changes in striatocortical and nigrocortical circuits compared with noncarriers. PMID: 27653520 LRRK2 transgenic mice develop motor impairment and selective activation of CB2 receptor partially reversed the deficits. PMID: 27063942 Study found elevated LRRK2 levels in CD14++ and CD16+ monocyte subsets of Parkinson's disease patients, but not in patients' B-cells; and a dysregulation of monocyte subpopulations was detected in LRRK2 overexpressing mice. PMID: 27884177

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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