Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protein (FGF21), Active

Name: Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protein (FGF21), Active
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-05982P
Availability: InStock

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protein (FGF21), Active is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a full length protein.
Purity	Greater than 96% as determined by SDS-PAGE and HPLC.
Endotoxin	Less than 1.0 EU/μg as determined by LAL method.
Activity	Fully biologically active when compared to standard. The ED50 as determined by thymidine uptake assay using FGF-receptors transfected BaF3 cells is less than 0.5 μg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of >2.0x10 3 IU/mg in the presence of 5 ug/ml of rMuKlotho-β and 10 μg/ml of heparin.
Uniprotkb	Q9NSA1
Target Symbol	FGF21
Synonyms	FGF 21; FGF-21; Fgf21; FGF21_HUMAN; FGFL; Fibroblast growth factor 21; PRO10196; UNQ3115
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	E.coli
Tag	Tag-Free
Complete Sequence	HPIPDSSPLL QFGGQVRQRY LYTDDAQQTE AHLEIREDGT VGGAADQSPE SLLQLKALKP GVIQILGVKT SRFLCQRPDG ALYGSLHFDP EACSFRELLL EDGYNVYQSE AHGLPLHLPG NKSPHRDPAP RGPARFLPLP GLPPALPEPP GILAPQPPDV GSSDPLSMVG PSQGRSPSYA S
Expression Range	29-209aa
Protein Length	Full Length of Mature Protein
Mol. Weight	19.4 kDa
Research Area	Cancer
Form	Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Lyophilized from a 0.2 µm filtered PBS, pH 7.4
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Stimulates glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via the induction of glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 expression (but not SLC2A4/GLUT4 expression). Activity requires the presence of KLB. Regulates systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.
Protein Families	Heparin-binding growth factors family
Database References	HGNC: 3678 OMIM: 609436 KEGG: hsa:26291 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000222157 UniGene: PMID: 29953859 These findings suggested that the serum FGF21 levels could be involved in a complex adaptive response to insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in humans. PMID: 28225059 Taking together from both physiological and genetic levels, we suggest that FGF21 is inversely associated with regional bone density. PMID: 29299795 besides the NF-kappaB pathway, the mechanism of action of FGF-21 was observed to involve the elevation of IL-10 in the ERK1/2 pathway. PMID: 29427162 ChREBP and FGF21 constitute a signaling axis likely conserved in humans that mediates an essential adaptive response to fructose ingestion that may participate in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. PMID: 28123933 Excess dietary carbohydrate, but not fat, led to markedly increased FGF21 secretion in humans, notably without protein restriction, and affected glucose and lipid homeostais. PMID: 28123934 In patients with coronary artery disease at baseline, an elevated serum FGF21 level was associated with development of a major adverse cardiovascular event in the future. PMID: 29462798 Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family that functions as an endocrine hormone which regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is involved in maintaining of energy homeostasis and adaptation to starvation and low temperature. PMID: 30198244 FGF21 is a good predictor of acute-on-chronic liver failure and organ failure, is quite specific for cirrhosis, and seems independent of etiology and systemic inflammation. PMID: 29476704 FGF-21 could regulate the immune response indirectly by influencing the glucose uptake of activated monocytes cells. PMID: 28965199 The genetic defect leads to a disorder of mitochondrial translation or mtDNA maintenance. PMID: 27794110 FGF21 levels were reduced after energy-restricted treatments and severely increased after bariatric surgery, independently of the weight reduction magnitude, insulin sensitivity or ketosis; therefore, FGF21 appears to be a marker of severe nutritional stress PMID: 28588304 In HIV-infected individuals, FGF21 is significantly positively associated with liver fat. FGF21 decreases in association with reductions in liver fat, GGT, and FIB4, suggesting that FGF21 is upregulated in the context of steatosis and steatohepatitis and is reduced when these conditions improve PMID: 29031905 crystal structures of free and ligand-bound beta-klotho extracellular regions that reveal the molecular mechanism that underlies the specificity of FGF21 towards beta-klotho and demonstrate how the FGFR is activated in a klotho-dependent manner PMID: 29342135 In this review, we will summarize the current progress on the roles of FGF21 against metaflammation and metabolic tissue damage [Review] PMID: 28887067 This finding suggested FGF21 could be involved in the pathophysiology of diastolic heart failure. PMID: 27650781 FGF21 plasma levels correlate negatively with protein intake. PMID: 28078804 Serum FGF21 level was significantly correlated with left ventricular systolic function at baseline and higher levels resulted in greater levels of cardiac death. PMID: 28821258 In conclusion, our study, which focused on hepatic FGF21 and omentin-1 mRNA expression, confirmed marked expression of both molecules in the liver of morbidly obese patients with NAFLD. PMID: 28820393 Serum FGF21 concentrations are decreased in anorexia nervosa and elevated in obesity. They are independently and positively related to BMI and insulin resistance PMID: 28759185 FGF-21 was positively associated with 10-year CHD risk PMID: 28735064 Serum FGF21 level was an independent predictor for new-onset metabolic syndrome in a population-based prospective study. PMID: 29436198 these findings elucidate the involvement of abnormal FGF21 expression in early APAP-induced liver impairment. Interestingly, FGF21 may be a promising biomarker of APAP-exposed livers. PMID: 28591702 Elevated circulating FGF21 level is an independent predictor of incident coronary heard disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PMID: 28588089 Studied the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in metabolic disorders; found FGF21 levels decreased in obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. PMID: 28139438 Data suggest that both osteonectin and FGF21 levels in serum are associated with early nephropathy in type 2 diabetes, albeit with different patterns; persistent hyperglycemia may inhibit bone formation leading to osteoporosis. (FGF21 = fibroblast growth factor 21) PMID: 27916484 As part of the present study, we suggest that both tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors can reduce FGF-21 levels independently of body compositions, and these drugs can provide antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic and cardio-protective effects. We also recommend that serum FGF-21 level can be utilized as a tumor biomarker in early-stage breast cancer and for monitoring purposes PMID: 28106545 Data (including data from studies in knockout mice) suggest that dietary manipulations that induce ketosis also lead to increased HPA axis tone; FGF21 knockout mice exhibit blunted HPA response to ketogenic diet relative to wild-type mice; thus, the hepatokine FGF21 appears to play important role in response to ketogenic diet. (HPA axis = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) PMID: 29077838 This study revealed statistically significant associations between FGF21 rs838133 and increased consumption of candy, as well as nominal associations with increased alcohol intake and daily smoking. PMID: 28467924 The ability of FGF21 to decrease LDL cholesterol has now been traced to at least two mechanisms: a suppression of hepatocyte expression of sterol response element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), which in turn leads to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis; and up-regulated expression of hepatocyte LDL receptors, reflecting inhibition of a mechanism that promotes proteasomal degradation of these receptors. [review] PMID: 26872317 The objective of this review is to compile existing information about the mechanisms that could allow the control of endogenous FGF21 levels in order to obtain the beneficial metabolic effects of FGF21 by inducing its production instead of doing it by pharmacological administration. [review] PMID: 27583468 Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression is altered by a wide array of physiological, metabolic, and environmental factors. [review] PMID: 27285327 As there was no significant association between FGF-21 and growth or IGF-1 both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, these findings do not support the hypothesis that FGF-21 is involved in growth of obese children. PMID: 26887040 This mini-review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of FGF21 in cardiovascular disorders, and discuss the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-atherogenic properties of this compound. [review] PMID: 27305706 FGF21 has received particular attention because of its key role in carbohydrate, lipids, and energy balance regulation. FGF21 has an anti-oxidant function in human metabolic diseases which contribute to understanding the FGF21 compensatory increment in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. [review] PMID: 27318658 cholestasis could induce FGF21 expression in FXR dependent manner PMID: 27003131 Serum concentrations of FGF21 are elevated in patients with non-HIV lipodystrophy with adipose tissue and liver being potential sources of increased production. TG and fibrate treatment are independent positive predictors of circulating FGF21. PMID: 27179139 FGF21 concentration in plasma is increased in patients with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggest that such increment protects tissue from an increased oxidative stress environment. (Review) PMID: 28039838 FGF21 appears to act in a paracrine manner to increase glucose uptake under low insulin conditions, but it does not contribute to the resistance to diet-induced obesity. PMID: 27184848 Insulin rather than glucose per se increases total and bioactive FGF21 in the postprandial period in adult humans. PMID: 28938434 FGF21 has a role in promoting remyelination in the central nervous system PMID: 28825598 FGF21 genotypes may interact with dietary carbohydrate/fat intake on changes in central adiposity and body fat composition. A low-calorie, high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet was beneficial for overweight or obese individuals carrying the carbohydrate intake-decreasing allele of the FGF21 variant to improve body composition and abdominal obesity. PMID: 27581055 Higher vitamin D status, but not FGF21, was associated with greater postprandial glucose oxidation and improved insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. PMID: 28359360 dietary protein dilution promotes improved glucose homeostasis through an select nonessential amino acids insufficiency-induced liver NUPR1/FGF21 axis PMID: 27548521 In Japanese men, acute endurance exercise lowers serum FGF21 levels 24 h following exercise. The results suggest that acute endurance exercise modulates postprandial FGF21 metabolism regardless of age. PMID: 27453549 Higher circulating FGF21 levels were associated with a high mortality rate, but not cardiovascular events in patient with end-stage renal disease, suggesting that circulating FGF21 levels serve as a predictive marker for mortality in these subjects. PMID: 28582462 FGF21 is not critical for bone homeostasis or actions of PPARalpha and PPARgamma. PMID: 27505721 miR-149 could negatively regulate the protein expression level of FGF-21. PMID: 27061435 As a biomarker for diabetes prediction, serum FGF21 appeared to be superior to other adipokines and, on its own, could be considered as an alternative to the oral glucose tolerance test. PMID: 27611701 Serum FGF21 rises significantly in humans with acute pancreatitis. The pancreas may be contributing to increased FGF21 levels following injury and FGF21 may play a role in the recovery process. PMID: 27832059

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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