Recombinant Human CX3CL1 Protein (C-6His)

Name: Recombinant Human CX3CL1 Protein (C-6His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-2532NP
Availability: InStock

BL-2532NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human C-X3-C Motif Chemokine 1 is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Gln25-Arg339 is expressed with a 6His tag at the C-terminus.
Accession	P78423
Synonym	Fractalkine; C-X3-C Motif Chemokine 1; CX3C Membrane-Anchored Chemokine; Neurotactin; Small-Inducible Cytokine D1; CX3CL1; FKN; NTT; SCYD1
Gene Background	Human Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a member of the CX3C family of chemokines. Human Fractalkine contains both chemokine and mucin domain. The soluble form of Fractalkine is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils. The membrane bound form of Fractalkine promotes leukocytes adhesion to endothelial cells. Fractalkine regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium and binds to CX3CR1. Natural Human Fractalkine is produced as a long protein (373-amino acid). The mucin-like stalk permits it to bind to the cell surface.
Molecular Mass	34.36 KDa
Apmol Mass	50-90 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20mM PB, 150mM NaCl, pH 7.2.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity	Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
Biological Activity	Not tested
Reconstitution	Always centrifuge tubes before opening. Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage	Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	Chemokine that acts as a ligand for both CX3CR1 and integrins ITGAV:ITGB3 and ITGA4:ITGB1. The CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signaling exerts distinct functions in different tissue compartments, such as immune response, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. Regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium. Can activate integrins in both a CX3CR1-dependent and CX3CR1-independent manner. In the presence of CX3CR1, activates integrins by binding to the classical ligand-binding site (site 1) in integrins. In the absence of CX3CR1, binds to a second site (site 2) in integrins which is distinct from site 1 and enhances the binding of other integrin ligands to site 1.; The soluble form is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils.; The membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells.
Subcellular Location	Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.; [Processed fractalkine]: Secreted.
Protein Families	Intercrine delta family
Database References	HGNC: 10647 OMIM: 601880 KEGG: hsa:6376 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000006053 UniGene: PMID: 28677664 Study demonstrated that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 was overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues with spinal metastasis compared with primary tumors. Overexpression of CX3CR1 increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Also, study observed that EGFR/Src/FAK pathway was activated by CX3CL1/CX3CR1. PMID: 30066854 The chemokine CX3CL1 was established as a central NF-kappaB target gene mediating therapy resistance. While no direct impact of CX3CL1 expression on cancer cell apoptosis was identified in co-culture assays it became apparent that CX3CL1 is acting in a paracrine fashion, leading to an increased recruitment of inflammatory cells. PMID: 29867042 TRAF1, CTGF, and CX3CL1 genes are hypomethylated in osteoarthritis PMID: 28470428 Low shear stress ( approximately 4.58 dyne/cm) for more than 1 h promoted Fractalkine expression and activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38, and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways by their phosphorylation. PMID: 29406386 The results strongly suggest that glutaminyl cyclase-catalysed N-terminal pyroglutamate formation of CX3CL1 is important for the stability or the interaction with its receptor and opens new insights into the function of glutaminyl cyclase in inflammation. PMID: 28739588 Serum fractalkine levels were significantly higher in the impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes groups compared to the normal glucose tolerance group. PMID: 29455547 Reduced fractalkine levels were found in follicular fluid and granulosa cells, accompanied by decreased progesterone production and reduced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression in the granulosa cells of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Administration of fractalkine reversed the inhibition of progesterone and StAR expression. PMID: 27386819 The US28 gene product has maintained the function of the ancestral gene and has the ability to bind and signal in response to human CX3CL1, the natural ligand for CX3CR1. PMID: 28315475 we conclude that fractalkine may be involved in vulnerability of human carotid plaque PMID: 28677375 FKN concentrations are attenuated in girls with anorexia nervosa compared with healthy adolescents and are positively related to nutritional status. PMID: 27658415 CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis plays a key role in the development of ischemia-induced oligodendrocyte injury via p38MAPK signaling pathway. PMID: 26189830 miR-223 controls the expression of CX3CL1 by targeting HDAC2 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and mouse models of the disease. PMID: 26864305 high levels of fractalkine in ectopic endometrium taken from patients with endometriosis promoted proliferation and invasion of endometrial stromal cells through activating AKT and p38 signal pathways PMID: 27553970 Amendment of the cytokine profile in macrophages subsequent to their interaction with smooth muscle cells: Differential modulation by fractalkine and resistin. PMID: 27180200 Soluble FKN that was efficiently shed from the surface of LPS-activated ECs in response to binding of CD16(+) monocytes to ECs, diminished monocyte adhesion in down-regulating CX3CR1 expression on the surface of CD16(+) monocytes resulting in decreased TNF-secretion. PMID: 27031442 Data indicate that patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) displayed higher serum levels of VEGF, endothelin-1 and s-Fractalkine, and that the s-Fractalkine levels positively correlated with CD34(+)CD45(-) endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) numbers. PMID: 28320472 FKN and CX3CR1 expression was significantly increased in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues, especially in the metastatic samples, and was highly-correlated with severity of PDAC. Ectopic expression of FKN promoted the proliferation and migration of PDAC, while knockdown of CX3CR1 reversed the function of FKN. PMID: 28986258 Fractalkine may be involved in both immunopathological and anti-viral immune responses to rhinovirus infection in asthma. PMID: 28859129 High CX3CL1 expression is associated with spinal metastases. PMID: 28122354 High expression of CX3CR1 correlates with significantly shorter survival, specifically in post-menopausal patients with advanced and terminal stages of the disease. Taken together, this support a key regulatory role for the fractalkine axis in advanced and relapsed peritoneal metastasis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. PMID: 27941884 changes in GSK-3beta activity and/or levels regulate the production and subsequent secretion of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the immune response that has been linked to AD and to other different neurological disorders. PMID: 27832289 In conclusion, leukoplakia-associated fibroblasts produced and secreted less CX3CL1 by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway, thereby contributing to impaired cell resistance to Candida albicans. PMID: 27891323 Fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling has been shown to protect neurons. PMID: 27814376 CX3CL1 exerts numerous effects on pathophysiological conditions that have both negative and positive consequences on pathogenesis and outcome [review] PMID: 27098399 XCL2 and CX3CL1 expression in lung cancers and adjacent non-cancerous tissues was detected by quantitative PCR and ELISA. The expression of XCL2 and CX3CL1 increases with increasing degree of malignancy, indicating that both chemokines might be important targets in gene therapy for lung cancer. PMID: 27156946 Recent works show that, in allergic diseases, there is an increased expression of fractalkine/CX3CL1 and its unique receptor CX3CR1 and that this chemokine does not act as chemoattractant. In allergic asthma, CX3CR1 expression regulates Th2 and Th1 cell survival in the inflammatory lung, while, in atopic dermatitis, it regulate Th2 and Th1 cell retention into the inflammatory site. [review] PMID: 27011244 Serum FKN may serve as a novel biomarker for assessing disease progression and a new potential therapeutic target for anti-resorptive treatment in osteoporosis patients. PMID: 27476376 FKN may serve as a reliable biomarker for evaluating disease severity in atopic dermatitis patients. PMID: 27098623 Post-transcriptional suppression of KSRP destabilizes CX3CL1 mRNA in liver epithelial cells. PMID: 26631623 CX3CL1 increased the migration and invasiveness of DU145 and PC-3, causing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. TACE/TGF-alpha/EGFR pathway activation and Slug upregulation were responsible for this. PMID: 26718770 Cell proliferation enhancing and anti-apoptosis activity requires the intracellular domain and apparently the dimerization of the transmembrane chemokine ligand. PMID: 26796342 CX3CL1 was expressed only by the normal and cancer adjacent normal fallopian tube epithelium; its expression was largely lost in the malignant fallopian epithelium. PMID: 26633537 Skin and serum CX3CL1 elevated expression was associated with psoriasis severity. PMID: 26586708 FKN enhances cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle progression in hypoxic prostate cancer cells. PMID: 26496926 CX3CL1(+) apo-MPs released by apoptotic cells mediate the chemotactic transmigration of alveolar macrophages. PMID: 24603149 Suggest that CX3CL1 participates in cross-talk mechanisms between endothelium and other muscle tissue cells and may promote a shift in the microenvironment toward a more regenerative milieu after exercise. PMID: 26632602 Report increased circulating fractalkine in STEMI patients, which was rapidly decreased after PCI. PMID: 26049921 This study found that CX3CL1 and TREM2, two genes related to neuroinflammation, were expressed at higher levels in brain regions with pronounced vulnerability to Alzheimer disease-related changes. PMID: 25596843 The interactions of CX3CL1, LEPR and IL-6 genes might increase the risk of coronary artery disease in Chinese Han population. PMID: 26191329 Fractalkine in synovial fluid and serum is reflective of symptomatic severity in knee osteoarthritis. PMID: 25692263 CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 may contribute to the formation of coronary atherosclerotic plaque in coronary artery disease PMID: 25845619 Forskolin-induced differentiation and syncytialization of the trophoblast cell line BeWo was accompanied with a substantial upregulation in fractalkine expression and led to increased adhesion of the monocyte cell line THP-1, which bound to syncytia. PMID: 25566740 Fractalkine signaling regulates macrophage recruitment into the cochlea and promotes survival of spiral ganglion neurons. PMID: 26558776 the results from the present study support the concept of the CX3CL1-mediated activation of the progression of the multiple myeloma via CX3CR1. PMID: 25962684 we suggest that increased maternal TNF-alpha may up-regulate the expression and release of placental fractalkine, which, in turn, may contribute to an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response in preeclampsia PMID: 25769431 Data show that US28 receptor binds with high selectivity and improved binding for the CX3C chemokine, CX3CL1. PMID: 26080445 data suggest that fractalkine contributes to lymphocyte shifts, which may influence development of MVO through the action of effector T cells. PMID: 26168217 In a CKD cohort, CX3CL1 levels were associated positively with several CVD risk factors and metabolic traits, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as prevalent CVD and diabetes. PMID: 25795074 Fractalkine levels are elevated the first 12 h after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction, however, not correlated to infarct size. PMID: 24930044

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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