Recombinant Human Argonaute-2 / AGO2 Protein (His Tag)

Name: Recombinant Human Argonaute-2 / AGO2 Protein (His Tag)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLPSN-0255
Availability: InStock

Collections: Other recombinant proteins, Recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Tag	His
Host Species	Human
Accession	NP_036286.2
Synonym	Argonaute 2, EIF2C2, Q10
Background	Argonaute 2 (AGO2), also known as Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C2 (EIF2C2), belongs to the Argonaute family, AGO subfamily, which is a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and mediates small interfering RNA (siRNA)-directed mRNA cleavage and microRNA translational suppression. AGO2 protein is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi. It contains a PIWI domain that is structurally related to RNases H and possibly shares with them a two-metal-ion catalysis mechanism. Human AGO2 was unable to cleave preformed RNA duplexes and exhibited weaker binding affinity for RNA duplexes compared with the single strand RNA. The enzyme exhibited greater RNase H activity in the presence of Mn2+ compared with Mg2+. Human AGO2 exhibited weaker binding affinities and reduced cleavage activities for antisense RNAs with either a 5'-terminal hydroxyl or abasic nucleotide. In mouse hematopoiesis, AGO2 controls early development of lymphoid and erythroid cells. AGO2 is a highly specialized member of the Argonaute family with an essential nonredundant Slicer-independent function within the mammalian miRNA pathway. AGO2 regulates dFMR1 expression, and the relationship between dFMR1 and AGO2 was defined by their physical interaction and co-regulation of downstream targets. AGO2 and dFMR1 are also connected through a regulatory relationship. AGO2 is a regulator of dFMR1 expression and have clarified an important developmental role for AGO2 in the nervous system and germ line that requires dFMR1 function. In addition, AGO2 is regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranslational level, and also implicate AGO2 and enhanced micro-RNA activity in the tumorigenic progression of breast cancer cell lines.
Description	A DNA sequence encoding the full length of human AGO2 (NP_036286.2) (Met 1-Ala 859) was expressed with a His tag at the N-terminus.
Source	Baculovirus-Insect Cells
Predicted N Terminal	Met
AA Sequence	Met 1-Ala 859
Molecular Weight	The recombinant human AGO2 consists of 877 a.a. and predicts a molecular mass of 99 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
Purity	>85% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Endotoxin	< 1.0 EU per μg of the protein as determined by the LAL method
Bioactivity	Human AGO2 can bind Let-7a RNA and cleave target RNA (21nt).
Formulation	Lyophilized from sterile 20mM Tris, 500mM NaCl, pH7.4,10% glycerol,2mM DTT.
Stability	The recombinant proteins are stable for up to 1 year from date of receipt at -70°C.
Usage	For Research Use Only
Storage	Store the protein under sterile conditions at -20°C to -80°C. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Target Details

Target Function	Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The 'minimal RISC' appears to include AGO2 bound to a short guide RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA) or short interfering RNA (siRNA). These guide RNAs direct RISC to complementary mRNAs that are targets for RISC-mediated gene silencing. The precise mechanism of gene silencing depends on the degree of complementarity between the miRNA or siRNA and its target. Binding of RISC to a perfectly complementary mRNA generally results in silencing due to endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA specifically by AGO2. Binding of RISC to a partially complementary mRNA results in silencing through inhibition of translation, and this is independent of endonuclease activity. May inhibit translation initiation by binding to the 7-methylguanosine cap, thereby preventing the recruitment of the translation initiation factor eIF4-E. May also inhibit translation initiation via interaction with EIF6, which itself binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit. The inhibition of translational initiation leads to the accumulation of the affected mRNA in cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies), where mRNA degradation may subsequently occur. In some cases RISC-mediated translational repression is also observed for miRNAs that perfectly match the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR). Can also up-regulate the translation of specific mRNAs under certain growth conditions. Binds to the AU element of the 3'-UTR of the TNF (TNF-alpha) mRNA and up-regulates translation under conditions of serum starvation. Also required for transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), in which short RNAs known as antigene RNAs or agRNAs direct the transcriptional repression of complementary promoter regions.
Subcellular Location	Cytoplasm, P-body. Nucleus. Note=Translational repression of mRNAs results in their recruitment to P-bodies. Translocation to the nucleus requires IMP8.
Protein Families	Argonaute family, Ago subfamily
Database References	HGNC: 3263 OMIM: 606229 KEGG: hsa:27161 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000220592 UniGene: Hs.660189

Gene Functions References

Here we show that biotin-labelled miR-34a can be loaded to AGO2, and AGO2 immunoprecipitation can pulldown biotinylated miR-34a (Bio-miR pulldown). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of the Bio-miR pulldown RNAs efficiently identified miR-34a mRNA targets, which could be verified with luciferase assays PMID: 29028450
extracellular vesicles are efficiently internalized by endothelial cells, where the miRNA-Argonaute 2 complexes modulate target gene expression and barrier properties. PMID: 27721445
CASC7 expression was significantly decreased in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and CRC cell lines; CASC7 overexpression could inhibit cell viability, migration and invasion, and promote apoptosis in CRC cells PMID: 28954383
A dual role of the association between AGO2 and ERbeta in luminal-like breast cancer cells in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, for the regulation of gene expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. PMID: 29017520
Phosphorylation of AGO2 at Ser 387 by Akt3 induces LIMD1 binding, which in turn enables AGO2 to interact with TNRC6A and downstream effector DDX6. PMID: 28683311
AGO2-mediated cleavage of targets is more common than previously thought. This may explain the vital role of endonuclease activity in controlling miRNA-mediated gene regulation. PMID: 29031931
Data show that neuropilin 1 (NRP1) binds extracellular AGO2 (carrying miRNA or not), and internalizes AGO2/miRNA complexes. PMID: 27486976
We found a much larger number of microparticles (MPs) results demonstrate that normal RBCs display an innate ability to resist infection by P. falciparum parasite by releasing Ago2-miRNA complexes via microparticles (MPs)into infected RBCs; data suggest that, through release of MPs, mature RBCs present an innate resistance to malaria infection PMID: 28831191
we describe these two methodologies that we recently used to select a specific compound able to interfere with the AGO2 functional activity and able to improve the retinoic acid-dependent myeloid differentiation of leukemic cells. PMID: 27924485
Here, we describe the use of SPR techniques to study the interaction between Argonaute 2 and small molecular compounds selected by means of high-throughput docking screening. PMID: 27924486
Since miRNAs' functions are executed exclusively by the Argonaute 2 protein, we therefore describe a protocol for the design of a novel miRNA inhibitor class: antagonists of the miRNA-Argonaute 2 protein complex, so-called anti-miR-AGOs, that not only block the crucial binding site of the target miRNA but also bind to the protein's active site. PMID: 27924487
Using our recent work on human AGO2 as an example, we explain the rationale and the workflow of our method in details. This combined approach holds great promise to complement experiments in unraveling the mechanisms of molecular recognition between large, flexible, and complex biomolecules. PMID: 27924488
Here, we present techniques to kinetically characterize recombinant Argonaute 2-mediated guide and target binding as well as target RNA slicing. We focus on fluorescence-based steady-state and in particular pre-steady-state techniques to unravel mechanistic details. Furthermore, we describe a cleavage assay to analyze Argonaute 2-mediated slicing using radioactively labeled target strands. PMID: 27924489
This study employed molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the dynamic properties of human Ago2-RNA-duplex system and Ago2-free system to provide further understanding of the molecular mechanism of Ago2-RNA recognition. PMID: 28388001
The adenovirus major late promoter produces a 31-nucleotide transcriptional start site small RNA (MLP-TSS-sRNA) that retains the 7-methylguanosine (m7G)-cap and is incorporated onto Ago2-containing RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) in human adenovirus-37 infected cells. PMID: 28839112
Depletion of AUF1 abolishes the global interaction of miRNAs and AGO2. Single-molecule analysis revealed that AUF1 slowed down assembly of AGO2-let-7b-mRNA complex unexpectedly. AUF1 is a decay-promoting factor influencing multiple steps in AGO2-miRNA-mediated mRNA decay. PMID: 28334781
This lack of 21-3U HCV host factor activity correlated with reduced recruitment of Ago2 to the HCV S1 site. Additional experiments demonstrated strong preference for guanosine at nt 22 of miR-122. Our findings reveal the importance of non-templated 3 miR-122 modifications to its HCV host factor activity, and identify unexpected differences in miRNA requirements for host gene suppression versus RNA virus replication. PMID: 28082397
Low AGO2 expression is associated with melanoma. PMID: 27518285
Altogether, these data suggest that the phosphorylation state of the serine/threonine cluster is important for Argonaute-mRNA interactions. PMID: 28645918
data indicates that the aberrant expression of miR-15b contributes to abnormal placentation by targeting argonaute 2 messenger RNA PMID: 27208409
findings support a model in which an AGO2 phosphorylation cycle stimulated by target engagement regulates miRNA:target interactions to maintain the global efficiency of miRNA-mediated silencing PMID: 28114302
deciphering Ago2:RNA interactions using crosslinking immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (HITS-CLIP) to generate the first transcriptome-wide map of miR targeting events in human myocardium, detecting 4000 cardiac Ago2 binding sites across 2200 target transcripts PMID: 27418678
AGO2 immunoprecipitation revealed LATS1 as a novel proapoptotic target of miR-21 in T cells. PMID: 28075055
1174 regions within the 45S rRNA transcript that have the ability to form a perfect duplex with position 2-6 (seed sequence) of each microRNA expressed in HEK293T cells. Of these potential AGO2 binding sites, 479 occurred within experimentally verified AGO2-rRNA cross-linking sites. The ability of AGO2 to cross-link to rRNA was almost completely lost in a DICER knock-out cell line. PMID: 27288410
this study analysed binding of miR-122/ Argonaute 2 complexes to two conserved binding sites in the 5' UTR of hepatitis C virus RNA. PMID: 28008821
overactivity of KRAS due to mutation inhibits localization of Ago2 to multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) and decreases Ago2 secretion in exosomes. PMID: 27117408
TP53 regulates miRNA association with AGO2 to remodel the miRNA-mRNA interaction network PMID: 26701625
These results support the notion that the cereblon binding partner AGO2 plays an important role in regulating MM cell growth and survival and AGO2 could be considered as a novel drug target for overcoming IMiD resistance in MM cells. PMID: 27142104
KRAS engages AGO2 to enhance cellular neoplastic transformation. PMID: 26854235
Authors found that target binding of core-RISC starts at the seed region of the guide RNA. After target binding, four distinct reactions followed: target cleavage, transient binding, stable binding, and Argonaute 2 unloading. PMID: 26592935
AGO2 suppression by miR-132 affects the steady state levels of miR-221 and miR-146a, two miRNAs involved in angiogenesis and inflammation, respectively. PMID: 26475020
DIS3L2 interacts with Ago2 and governs target RNA-directed miRNA degradation. PMID: 26809675
MiR-138 suppresses hTERT expression in an AGO2-dependent manner. PMID: 26507454
Knockdown of Ago2 in Huh7 cells and SMMC-7721 cells substantially decreased VEGF expression, whereas the restoration of AGO2 reversed both VEGF expression and secretion. PMID: 25937637
genetic polymorphism in AGO2 may be a risk factor for the advanced lymph node metastasis of NPC in Chinese populations, and AGO2 acts as an oncogene in the development of NPC. PMID: 26545861
Human Argonaute2 (Ago2) possesses a solvated surface pocket that specifically binds adenine nucleobases in the 1 position (t1) of target RNAs. PMID: 26359634
the subcellular distribution of Ago2 occurs in a cell type- and tissue context-dependent manner and may correlate with its various functions in regulation of gene expression PMID: 26699195
HuR and Ago2 Bind the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Enterovirus 71 and Promote Virus Translation and Replication PMID: 26451954
GRSF1 participated in the regulation of AGO2 by miR-346, and the middle sequence of miR-346 was vital for the synergy effect of miR-346 and GRSF1. PMID: 26518874
Human AGO2 interacts only with sRNAs (20-30 nt in length), and not with DNA fragments. PMID: 25970378
SERPINE1 mRNA dissociates from the translational repressor proteins Ago2 and TIA-1 upon platelet activation PMID: 25673011
Both argonaute 2 mRNA and protein were upregulated in high-grade when compared to low-grade tumor tissues. Multivariate analysis revealed that argonaute 2 protein expression was independently associated with the overall survival. PMID: 24935600
Targeting of Ago2 to P-bodies and stress granules is separable from its role in RNAi and likely requires dynamic phosphorylation of serine 798. PMID: 26443379
mRNA Targeting to Endoplasmic Reticulum Precedes Ago Protein Interaction and MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated Translation Repression PMID: 26304123
Ago2 can be SUMOylated in cells by both SUMO1 and SUMO2. SUMOylation occurs primarily at K402, and mutation of the SUMO consensus site surrounding this lysine reduces Ago2-mediated siRNA-induced silencing in a luciferase-based reporter assay. PMID: 26188511
Ago2 overexpression increased the level of miR-16 in cell-secreted MVs, suggesting that Ago2 may facilitate the packaging of secreted miRNAs into MVs. PMID: 25072345
It was demonstrated by deep sequencing that AGO2-processed AgoshRNAs produce RNA effector molecules with more discrete ends than the products of the regular shRNA design. PMID: 25826416
Sumoylation of Ago2 at Lys402 negatively regulates its stability. PMID: 25036361
our results indicate that IRF7 promotes glioma cell invasion and both chemoresistance and radioresistance through AGO2 inhibition PMID: 25680411
a novel mechanism by which AUF1 binding and transfer of microRNA let-7 to AGO2 facilitates let-7-elicited gene silencing. PMID: 26253535

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