Recombinant Mouse Latent TGF-beta 1 Protein (N-8His)

Name: Recombinant Mouse Latent TGF-beta 1 Protein (N-8His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-2611NP
Availability: InStock

BL-2611NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Mouse Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Proprotein is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Leu30-Ser390 (Cys33Ser) is expressed with a 8His tag at the N-terminus.
Accession	P04202
Synonym	Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein; TGFB; TGFB1; TGFβ-1
Gene Background	Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration and death dependent on cell type, developmental stage, or tissue conditions. There are three isoforms of TGFβ (TGFβ-1, -2 and -3). latent TGF-β1 plays a protective role against bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. The inhibitory effect of latent TGF-β1 on lung inflammation and fibrosis may be associated with the counter-regulatory mechanism between latent and active TGF-β 1, the negative regulatory role of Smad7 in activation of both NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways, and importantly, the GARP-Foxp3 regulatory mechanism in rebalancing the Treg/Th17 response. Some studies have shown that TGFB1 (Cys33Ser) mice develop multiorgan inflammation and tumors consistent with reduced TGF-b1 activity.
Molecular Mass	12.8&31.7 KDa
Apmol Mass	12&35-45 KDa , reducing conditions
Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of PBS, pH 7.4.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity	Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
Biological Activity	Not tested
Reconstitution	Always centrifuge tubes before opening. Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage	Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively.; Required to maintain the Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain in a latent state during storage in extracellular matrix. Associates non-covalently with TGF-beta-1 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS, that control activation of TGF-beta-1. Interaction with LRRC33/NRROS regulates activation of TGF-beta-1 in macrophages and microglia. Interaction with LRRC32/GARP controls activation of TGF-beta-1 on the surface of activated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Interaction with integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8) results in distortion of the Latency-associated peptide chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1.; Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration. Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix. At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus. TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8): integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1. Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2), which transduce signal. While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) and 'milieu molecules'. Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Can promote either T-helper 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development. At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells. Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Mediates SMAD2/3 activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in various cell types.
Subcellular Location	[Latency-associated peptide]: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix.; [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Secreted.
Protein Families	TGF-beta family
Database References	KEGG: mmu:21803 STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000002678 UniGene: PMID: 29067998 Study points toward elevated levels of active TGF-beta as inducers and promoters of ectopic bone formation, and suggest that TGF-beta might be a therapeutic target in heterotopic ossification. PMID: 29416028 The comparison of transforming growth factor beta family (TGFbeta) expression showed significantly higher levels of Tgfbeta3 transcript between nude and Balb/c mice but no differences were detected for Tgfbeta1. Nude DFs were specifically sensitive to the presence of the pro-regenerative TGFbeta3 isoform, showing increased collagen I deposition and alpha smooth muscle actin expression. PMID: 29637306 Results indicate that the miR-23a cluster regulates osteocyte differentiation by modulating the TGF-beta signalling pathway. PMID: 28397831 Following Schistosoma exposure, TSP-1 levels in the lung increase, via recruitment of circulating monocytes, while TSP-1 inhibition or knockout bone marrow prevents TGF-beta activation and protects against pulmonary hypertension development. PMID: 28555642 TGF-beta/Smad proteins signaling affects radiation response and prolongs survival by regulating DNA repair genes in malignant glioma. PMID: 30230914 The results indicate that EGFR and its activation are critical for YAP-mediated suppression of TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. This study provides a new understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying the determination of cell fate in response to TGF-beta1-mediated simultaneous apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transformation. PMID: 28425446 transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling was upregulated in HSCs from bone marrow of mice with MLL-AF9-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) because of excessive production of TGFbeta1, especially from megakaryocytes, and overactivation of latent TGFbeta1 protein. PMID: 29307605 TGF-beta release from platelets is necessary for podoplanin-mediated tumor invasion and metastasis in lung cancer. PMID: 28176852 Data suggest partial or complete transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFBI) knockdown as a potential therapy against TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. PMID: 29117645 De novo formation of the biliary system by TGFbeta-mediated hepatocyte transdifferentiation PMID: 29720662 CXCL9 may promote prostate cancer progression via inhibition of cytokines from T cells. PMID: 29901197 EGCG attenuated airway inflammation in asthmatic mice, decreased the percentage of Th17 cells and increased the percentage of Treg cells. The antiinflammatory effect of EGCG is achieved via the TGFbeta1 signaling pathway. PMID: 29916550 fibrosis induced by Ang II may be alleviated by AKAP12 expression through inactivation of the TGF-beta1 pathway. PMID: 29501491 RUNX1 promoted TGF-beta-induced partial EMT by increasing transcription of the PI3K subunit p110delta, which mediated Akt activation. PMID: 29759484 Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces cerebrovascular dysfunction and astrogliosis through angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated signaling pathways PMID: 29505736 TET2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy by activating TGFbeta1 expression through demethylation of CpG islands in the TGFbeta1 regulatory region PMID: 29705354 early myocardial CTGF mRNA expression (six hours) after Ang-II exposure is likely dependent on latent TGF-beta activation via the canonical Smad-dependent pathway in resident cardiac cells. PMID: 29575960 These results indicate that the hepatocytic expression of TGF-beta and CTGF is mediated by Wnt signalling in Schistosoma japonicum infection. PMID: 28331224 Infection with Mycobacterium bovis results in increase in interleukin-1alpha, TGF-beta1, and MMP1 in multinucleated macrophages. PMID: 29504104 type I and II IFN as in vivo modifiers of LIC fate that may significantly affect the impact of putative leukemia-driving activities such as the ETV6-RUNX1-mediated growth advantage in the presence of TGF-beta and TLR4-upregulated mutagenic activity PMID: 27220664 Studies indicate key developmental processes that require transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling [Review]. PMID: 29190317 Osthole,a natural coumarin, decreases the collagen/III ratio in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1)-transfected mouse cardiac fibroblasts via the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway. PMID: 29860992 both ERK and Smad2 signal pathways are involved in the activation of macrophages induced by TGF-b1 and high-ambient glucose, while there is no crosstalk shown in the process. PMID: 29199516 In obese mice, periodontitis caused the downregulation of MMP2, and upregulation of TIMP1 and TGF-beta1 at transcriptional and translational levels PMID: 29322806 The protective effect of the EP2 receptor on TGF-beta1 induced podocyte injury via the PI3K / Akt signaling pathway. PMID: 29746568 This study demonstrates that prevention of renal apoB accumulation is a mechanism by which TGF-beta inhibition is nephroprotective. PMID: 28912302 data show that increased TGFbeta in the tumour microenvironment represents a primary mechanism of immune evasion that promotes T-cell exclusion and blocks acquisition of the TH1-effector phenotype; immunotherapies directed against TGFbeta signalling may therefore have broad applications in treating patients with advanced colorectal cancer PMID: 29443964 IL 6 and TGF beta perform essential role in cerebral malaria pathogenesis by modulating the level of glial cell induced neuroinflammation. PMID: 28803696 The increased susceptibility to IMQ-induced psoriasis of GILZ-Tg mice was significantly associated with skin-specific over-activation of TGF-beta1-mediated signaling via SMAD2/3. PMID: 27934944 The data suggest that B cells can down-regulate the function of antigen-presenting cells, and in turn encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 responses, via TGF-beta1. PMID: 27708418 p-SMAD2/3 and p-ERK1/2 might play a regulatory role in TGF-beta1 induced CTGF exp p-SMAD2/3 and p-ERK1/2 might play a regulatory role in TGF-beta1 induced CTGF expression during tooth development. PMID: 28825193 inhibiting NCAM1 would be cardioprotective, counteract the pathological action of TGFbeta1 and reduce heart failure severity. PMID: 28870505 TGF-beta signaling has a role in inhibiting tumor progression and invasion in an induced mouse bladder cancer model PMID: 27378170 calpains inhibition plays crucial roles in vascular restenosis by preventing neointimal hyperplasia at the early stage via suppression of the MMP2/TGF-beta1 pathway. PMID: 27453531 Suggest an essential role for platelet-derived TGFbeta1 for the vascular remodelling response to arterial injury, apparently independent from the role of platelets in thrombosis or haemostasis. PMID: 28726976 In cultured B16 melanoma and Bend3 endothelial cells treated with Bend3 conditioned media, MITF, tyrosinase, and melanin expression decreased due to TGFB1 secreted by the endothelial cells. PMID: 27172887 Lycat regulates TGF-beta mediated lung fibroblast differentiation in pulmonary fibrosis. PMID: 28751023 TFGbeta1 and arachidonic acid synthase expression is increased during the involution period in mammary glands. PMID: 28381667 Chronic exercise suppressed the TGF-beta1/IkB-alpha axis in the hypothalamus and improved the energy homeostasis in an animal model of obesity-associated with aging. PMID: 28854149 miR-146 inhibits skeletal muscle fibrosis by suppressing TGF-beta/Smad4 signaling pathway. PMID: 28510617 Study shows that expression of Gadd45 family members is adjusted in response to KCl/depolarization, BDNF/TRKB, and/or TGFB-signaling. Additionally, results indicate decreased Gadd45 expression in a mouse model of depression, and that Gadd45b expression and DNA demethylation activate Arc transcription. PMID: 28444170 Bioinformatics analysis provides positive supportive correlation between somatic mutations for VD-related genes and the TGF-beta pathway PMID: 27456065 Taken together, these results indicate that eIF6 may be involved in external mechanical force-mediated murine dermal fibroblast function at least partly through the TGF-beta1/TGFBR1/TGFBR2 pathway. PMID: 27824055 important roles in virtually every stage of neural development [review] PMID: 28130363 These data suggest that the interplay between cell-matrix adhesion and intercellular adhesion is an important determinant for some aspects of TGFbeta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via alphaSMA expression induction. PMID: 27194451 Excessive activation of TGFbeta by spinal instability causes vertebral endplate sclerosis and intervertebral disk degeneration. PMID: 27256073 A Smad3-PTEN regulatory loop controls proliferation and apoptotic responses to TGF-beta in mouse endometrium. PMID: 28524854 TGFss through the Alk1/TgfssR2 receptor axis is acting on endothelial cells to produce hematopoiesis. PMID: 29253505 The adoptive transfer of NK1.1(-) CD4(+) NKG2D(+) cells suppressed DSS-induced colitis largely dependent on TGF-beta. Thus, NK1.1(-) CD4(+) NKG2D(+) cells exhibited immune regulatory functions, and this T cell subset could be developed to suppress inflammation in clinics. PMID: 28224733

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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