Recombinant Human InsR (R1201Q) Protein

Name: Recombinant Human InsR (R1201Q) Protein
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-0109SG
Availability: InStock

Collections: Other recombinant proteins, Recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Tag	GST
Host Species	Human
Accession	NM_000208
Synonym	HHF5, CD220
Background	InsR is the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in insulin signaling. InsR is post-translationally cleaved into two chains, alpha and beta that are covalently linked. Binding of insulin to the InsR stimulates glucose uptake (1). Insulin receptor signaling helps to maintain fuel homeostasis and prevent diabetes. Studies have shown that a conditional knockout of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) in mouse pancreas beta cells and parts of the brain--including the hypothalamus--increased appetite, lean and fat body mass, linear growth, and insulin resistance that progressed to diabetes. InsR signaling also increases the regeneration of adult beta cells and the central control of nutrient homeostasis (2).
Description	Recombinant human InsR (R1201Q) (980-1382) was produced by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells, fused with a GST tag at N-terminus. This protein is purified with our unique purification methods.
Source	Sf9 insect cells
AA Sequence	980-1382
Molecular Weight	72 kDa
Purity	For specific purity information on a given lot, see related COA.
Endotoxin	< 1.0 EU per μg of the protein as determined by the LAL method
Bioactivity	Active
Formulation	Recombinant protein is supplied in 50mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 50mM NaCl, 10mM Glutathione, 0.25mM DTT, 0.1mM EDTA, 0.1mM PMSF and 25% glycerol.
Stability	The recombinant protein is stable for up to 12 months at -70°C
Usage	For Research Use Only
Storage	Recombinant Human InsR (R1201Q) Protein should be stored should be stored at < -70°C. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Target Details

Target Function	Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosine residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin. In adipocytes, inhibits lipolysis.
Subcellular Location	Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Late endosome. Lysosome.
Protein Families	Protein kinase superfamily, Tyr protein kinase family, Insulin receptor subfamily
Database References	HGNC: 6091 OMIM: 125853 KEGG: hsa:3643 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000303830 UniGene: Hs.465744
Associated Diseases	Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS); Leprechaunism (LEPRCH); Diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM); Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia 5 (HHF5); Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A)
Tissue Specificity	Isoform Long and isoform Short are predominantly expressed in tissue targets of insulin metabolic effects: liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle but are also expressed in the peripheral nerve, kidney, pulmonary alveoli, pancreatic acini, placenta vasc

Gene Functions References

The structural refinement of the antagonist once conjugated to insulin provided a set of partial agonists exhibiting between 25 and 70% of the maximal agonism of native insulin at the two insulin receptor isoforms, with only slight differences in inherent potency PMID: 29412818
Cav-2beta isoform yielded by alternative translation initiation desensitizes insulin receptor (IR) via dephosphorylation by PTP1B, and subsequent endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of IR, causing insulin resistance. PMID: 29604334
They retained the main IGF-1R-related properties, but the hormones with His49 in IGF-1 and His48 in IGF-2 showed significantly higher affinities for IR-A and for IR-B, being the strongest IGF-1- and IGF-2-like binders of these receptors ever reported. PMID: 29608283
MARCH1 ubiquitinates INSR to decrease cell surface INSR levels, but unlike other INSR ubiquitin ligases, MARCH1 acts in the basal state rather than after insulin stimulation. PMID: 27577745
we aim to provide an overview of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the IR within metabolic syndrome and its related pathologies, including cardiovascular health, gut microflora composition, gastrointestinal tract functioning, polycystic ovarian syndrome, pancreatic cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders PMID: 29462993
In vitro results show that glycation of INSR decreases insulin binding under hyperglycemic conditions suggesting this mechanism may provide a mechanism by which INS resistance develops in diabetes. PMID: 29207492
Circulating pri-miRNA-944 and 3662 can improve non-invasive non-small cell lung cancer detection of operable stages of SCC and AC PMID: 28964576
current data demonstrate that both INSR and IGF1R are directly targeted by C-myc and exert similar effects to promote the tumorigenesis and metastasis of TSCC through the NF-kappaB pathway. PMID: 29518496
the mechanism by which insulin induces IR translocation to the cell nucleus, was examined. PMID: 29317261
We conclude that the crosstalk between angiotensin AT1 receptor and insulin receptor signaling shows a high degree of specificity, and involves Galphaq protein, and activation of distinct kinases. Thus, the BRET(2) technique can be used as a platform for studying molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between insulin receptor and 7TM receptors. PMID: 28854843
INSR rs1051690 SNP is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer, while polymorphisms in IL12B, CCND1 and IL10 genes are not linked with the presence of gastric cancer PMID: 28596683
Findings demonstrate that, in human breast cancer cells, DDR1 regulates IR expression and ligand dependent biological actions. This novel functional crosstalk is likely clinically relevant. PMID: 28591735
in beta cells, INSR-B has a protective role, while INSR-A expression sensitizes beta cells to programmed cell death. PMID: 27526875
These results support the hypothesis that INSR gene expression in different areas of Alzheimer's patient's brains. PMID: 28164769
In endocrine-sensitive breast cancer cells, insulin was not growth stimulatory, likely due to the presence of hybrid InsR/IGF1R, which has high affinity for IGF-I, but not insulin. Combination inhibition of InsR and IGF1R showed complete suppression of the system in endocrine-sensitive breast cancer cells PMID: 28468775
Report complex relationships between individual tumor-specific expression of IGF1R/pIGF1R and InsR/pInsR, response endocrine treatment and breast cancer prognosis. PMID: 28030849
analysis of compounds that cause IGF-1Rbeta but not Insulin Receptor degradation specifically in tumor cells with no effects seen in normal diploid fibroblasts PMID: 27384680
The gained results are observed not only the unbinding mechanism of IRK-PTP1B complexes came from pulling force profile, number of hydrogen bonds, and interaction energy between IRK and PTP1Bs but also described PTP1B's point mutations could variably change its binding affinity towards IRK. PMID: 28707052
The data in this paper demonstrate that IR knockdown in primary tumors partially reverses the growth-promoting effects of hyperinsulinemia as well as highlighting the importance of the insulin receptor signaling pathway in cancer progression, and more specifically in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PMID: 27435064
INSR rs2252673 and rs3745546 polymorphisms were associated with sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer patients and rs2252673 polymorphism may be an independent risk factor for EOC prognosis. PMID: 28436941
The IGF1R purified in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside showed ligand-stimulated autophosphorylation and kinase activity, suggesting an intact transmembrane signaling mechanism. PMID: 28830678
Signaling via the insulin (INS) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptors (INSR and IGF1R) regulate basal cell (BC) differentiation into ciliated cells. PMID: 28050756
High INSR expression is associated with drug Resistance in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. PMID: 28760855
the above data indicate a direct role for IR expression as a determinant of PT-gluconeogenesis. Thus reduced insulin signaling of the proximal tubule may contribute to hyperglycemia in the metabolic syndrome via elevated gluconeogenesis. PMID: 27322100
Activation of D4 receptor inhibits insulin receptor expression in RPT cells from WKY rats. The aberrant inhibition of D4 receptor on insulin receptor expression and effect might be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. PMID: 27107134
The HIR MAb binds the insulin receptor on the BBB. PMID: 28279069
data indicate that post-receptor signalling abnormalities might contribute to Myotonic dystrophy insulin resistance regardless the alteration of INSR splicing. PMID: 28915272
We identified vascular INSR expression as a potential biomarker for progression in bladder cancer. The data suggest that IGF-2/INSR mediated paracrine crosstalk between bladder cancer cells and endothelial cells is functionally involved in tumour angiogenesis and may thus represent a new therapeutic target. PMID: 28295307
The INSR rs2059806 SNP is associated with pre-eclampsia phenotypes in two independent cohorts suggesting that genetic susceptibility may be implicated in the link between pre-eclampsia and subsequent vascular and metabolic diseases. PMID: 28117222
IGF2 and insulin receptor A are important for uterine leiomyoma stem cell proliferation and may represent paracrine signaling between leiomyoma cell types. PMID: 28324020
Disruption of insulin receptor function inhibits proliferation in endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells PMID: 26876199
Differential IR isoform expression suggests a distinct role for each in endometrial physiology and cancer. PMID: 27088794
Results show that IR expression level in renal cell carcinoma tissue was significantly lower in patients with tumor stage pT2-4 and/or distant metastases. PMID: 28393204
Findings suggest that the induction of microRNA miR-1271 by saturated fatty acid palmitate promotes the development of insulin resistance by targeting insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 protein (IRS-1) in hepatocytes. PMID: 27613089
Study reveals an important function of CHIP-mediated proteolysis in insulin and IGF1 signaling; upon proteotoxic stress conditions and during aging, CHIP is recruited toward disposal of misfolded proteins, reducing its capacity to degrade the INSR; identify a degradation pathway that controls the level of active DAF-2/INSR in C. elegans, Drosophila and human cells. PMID: 28431247
EGF and insulin receptor tyrosine kinase exemplify how receptor location is coupled to signal transduction. (Review) PMID: 27023845
a straightforward protocol for production of recombinant IGF-II and prepared six IGF-II analogs with IGF-I-like mutations. All modified molecules exhibit significantly reduced affinity toward IR-A, particularly the analogs with a Pro-Gln insertion in the C-domain. Moreover, one of the analogs has enhanced binding affinity for IGF-1R due to a synergistic effect of the Pro-Gln insertion and S29N point mutation. PMID: 27510031
Conus geographus G1 (Con-Ins G1), is the smallest known insulin found in nature and lacks the C-terminal segment of the B chain that, in human insulin, mediates engagement of the insulin receptor and assembly of the hormone's hexameric storage form. This study found that Con-Ins G1 is monomeric, strongly binds the human insulin receptor and activates receptor signaling. PMID: 27617429
Mutations of the INSR gene is associated with acanthosis nigricans and hyperandrogenism. PMID: 27505086
Identification of a Novel Homozygous INSR Variant in a Patient with Rabson-Mendenhall Syndrome from the United Arab Emirates. PMID: 27326825
Findings suggest that insulin receptor substrate -1 Gly972Arg polymorphism is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in the Caucasian ethnicity, and insulin receptor substrate -2 Gly1057Asp polymorphism is correlated with polycystic ovary syndrome in the Asian ethnicity. However, insulin receptor His 1058 C/T polymorphism may not be implicated in polycystic ovary syndrome. PMID: 27098445
Two miR-binding SNPs SLC30A8 rs2466293 and INSR rs1366600 increased Gestational diabetes mellitus susceptibility. Functional studies were required to confirm the underlying mechanism. PMID: 28190110
The data demonstrate that insulin, IGF1 and IGF2 elicit different insulin receptor phosphorylation kinetics and potencies that translate to downstream signaling. PMID: 27155325
Suggest a novel role of miR-503 as a regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by modulating INSR. PMID: 27829550
In silico characterization of nsSNPs affecting INSR gene function can aid in better understanding of genetic differences in disease susceptibility. PMID: 27840822
The INSR gene is potentially associated with eating difficulties in preterm infants. PMID: 26629831
four compounds demonstrated considerably increased binding affinity towards IR and less toxicity compared with parent compounds. Finally, molecular interaction analysis revealed that six parent compounds and four analogues interact with the active site amino acids of IR PMID: 27034931
Study describes a revised structure of the human insulin receptor ectodomain revealing new features within the receptor insert domain and corrects errors in the first and third fibronectin type III domains. The new structure allows improved resolution of the insert domain, a critical element to ligand binding and signal transduction. PMID: 26853939
C1008T SNP at exon 17 of INSR is associated with insulin resistance in Indian women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. PMID: 26721804
A novel insertion/deletion (indel) mutation was found in INSR gene. PMID: 26874853

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

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