Recombinant Human Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 (HCAR2) Protein (His)

Name: Recombinant Human Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 (HCAR2) Protein (His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-06188P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Collections: High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 (HCAR2) Protein (His) is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a full length protein.
Purity	Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Activity	Not tested.
Uniprotkb	Q8TDS4
Target Symbol	HCAR2
Synonyms	G-protein coupled receptor 109A;G-protein coupled receptor HM74A;Niacin receptor 1;Nicotinic acid receptor
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	in vitro E.coli expression system
Tag	C-6His
Target Protein Sequence	MNRHHLQDHFLEIDKKNCCVFRDDFIVKVLPPVLGLEFIFGLLGNGLALWIFCFHLKSWKSSRIFLFNLAVADFLLIICLPFLMDNYVRRWDWKFGDIPCRLMLFMLAMNRQGSIIFLTVVAVDRYFRVVHPHHALNKISNRTAAIISCLLWGITIGLTVHLLKKKMPIQNGGANLCSSFSICHTFQWHEAMFLLEFFLPLGIILFCSARIIWSLRQRQMDRHAKIKRAITFIMVVAIVFVICFLPSVVVRIRIFWLLHTSGTQNCEVYRSVDLAFFITLSFTYMNSMLDPVVYYFSSPSFPNFFSTLINRCLQRKMTGEPDNNRSTSVELTGDPNKTRGAPEALMANSGEPWSPSYLGPTSP
Expression Range	1-363aa
Protein Length	Full Length
Mol. Weight	42.7 kDa
Research Area	Cardiovascular
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Acts as a high affinity receptor for both nicotinic acid (also known as niacin) and (D)-beta-hydroxybutyrate and mediates increased adiponectin secretion and decreased lipolysis through G(i)-protein-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. This pharmacological effect requires nicotinic acid doses that are much higher than those provided by a normal diet. Mediates nicotinic acid-induced apoptosis in mature neutrophils. Receptor activation by nicotinic acid results in reduced cAMP levels which may affect activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and phosphorylation of target proteins, leading to neutrophil apoptosis. The rank order of potency for the displacement of nicotinic acid binding is 5-methyl pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid = pyridine-3-acetic acid > acifran > 5-methyl nicotinic acid = acipimox >> nicotinuric acid = nicotinamide.
Subcellular Location	Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.
Protein Families	G-protein coupled receptor 1 family
Database References	HGNC: 24827 OMIM: 609163 KEGG: hsa:338442 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000375066 UniGene: Hs.524812
Tissue Specificity	Expression largely restricted to adipose tissue and spleen. Expressed on mature neutrophils but not on immature neutrophils or eosinophils.

Gene Functions References

GPR109A may inhibit inflammatory cytokine production, induced by palmitic acid, by MIN6 cells possibly via inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. PMID: 29263047
These results demonstrate that GPR109A is functionally expressed in both human and murine islet beta-cells. PMID: 27570060
new insights into the G protein coupling profiles of the HCA receptors and the function of the receptor's C terminus PMID: 26656756
These results suggest that the PKC pathway and PDGFR/EGFR transactivation pathway play important roles in HCA2-mediated Akt activation. PMID: 25375133
Results suggest that the atypical motif asparaging-cysteine-systeine Asn(17)-Cys(18)-Cys(19) is crucial for the normal surface trafficking and function of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 protein hGPR109A. PMID: 25690651
niacin, at a relatively low concentration, preserves the ability of HMVEC to form tubes under conditions of saturated fatty acid excess, and may elicit this effect through activation of GPR109A PMID: 25463108
GPR109A expression is upregulated in blood and substantia nigra in Parkinson disease patients. PMID: 25329911
The results of this study suggested that GPR109A signaling is associated with T2DM, playing a role in regulation of the inflammatory cytokines. PMID: 25361930
the promiscuous activity exerted by niacin via both GPR109A and GPER may open new avenues towards a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in its biological action exerted in different pathophysiological conditions, including malignant diseases. PMID: 24662263
Although its functional role is still unknown, HCA2 may be potentially involved in the pathogenesis of various retinopathies and may offer a new therapeutic target. PMID: 24215154
GPR109A is a tumor suppressor in mammary gland. PMID: 24371223
These studies provide key insights into mechanisms by which GPR109A may influence cholesterol efflux in macrophages. PMID: 23770183
despite NA's anti-inflammatory effect on human macrophages, it has no effect on foam cells in reverse cholesterol transport; due to GPR109A down-regulation PMID: 23658787
Review of the role of GPR109A and its downstream effects in the context of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation, along with insights into strategy for future drug development. [Review Article] PMID: 23526298
A sequence from residues 329 to 343 in the C-terminal tail of HCA plays a crucial role in keeping HCA in an inactive conformation. PMID: 22962331
Nicotnic acid displays a range of effects that are lipoprotein-independent and potentially antiatherogenic. These effects are mediated by GPR109A. PMID: 22267479
upon binding to niacin GPR109A receptors initially activate G(i), leading to dissociation of the Gbetagamma subunit from activated G(i), and subsequently induce ERK1/2 activation via two distinct pathways. PMID: 21768093
In contrast, in a squamous cell carcinoma derived cell line, both GPR109A and GPR109B show a more diffuse cellular localization and the receptors are nearly non-functional. PMID: 21655214
niacin-mediated activation of GP109A in liver lowers ABCA1 expression leading to reduced hepatic cholesterol efflux to high density lipoprotein. PMID: 20655299
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) PMID: 19913121
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator) PMID: 20628086
The agonist-induced internalization of GPR109A receptors is regulated by GRK2 and arrestin3 in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner and that internalized receptor recycling is independent of endosomal acidification. PMID: 20460384
these results demonstrate that GPR109A and GPR109B dimerization is a constitutive process occurring early during biosynthesis. PMID: 20380810
Data show that Mk-6892 was discovered as full and potent niacin receptor (GPR109A) agonist. PMID: 20184326
HM74b has high similarity to HM74 is a receptor for nicotinic acid [HM74b] PMID: 12646212
Our results provided direct evidence indicating that HM74A, but not HM74, was sufficient to mediate anti-lipolytic effect of niacin in adipose tissue. PMID: 16018973
However, the synergistic effects of HM74A were not dramatically affected by co-treatment with both inhibitors, indicating the cross-talk occurred at the receptor level. PMID: 16674924
neutrophils express functional GPR109A receptors,which might be involved in the regulation of neutrophil numbers PMID: 17932499
Data show that the high-affinity niacin receptor HM74A is significantly down-regulated in the anterior cingulate cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. PMID: 18639743
Data show that many phenolic acids, including those from the hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid classes, can bind and activate GPR109A (HM74a/PUMA-G), the receptor for the antidyslipidemic agent nicotinic acid. PMID: 19136666
GPR109A receptor plays an important role in the dual regulation of adiponectin secretion and lipolysis PMID: 19141678
Data show that the coordinated PPARgamma-mediated regulation of the GPR81, GPR109A and GPR109B presents a novel mechanism by which TZDs may reduce circulating free fatty acid levels and perhaps ameliorate insulin resistance in obese patients. PMID: 19633298
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator) PMID: 19502010
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) PMID: 18787507

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

To learn more about how to properly dissolve the lyophilized recombinant protein, please visit Lyophilization FAQs.