Recombinant Human Grainyhead-Like Protein 2 Homolog (GRHL2) Protein (His)

Name: Recombinant Human Grainyhead-Like Protein 2 Homolog (GRHL2) Protein (His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-01762P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Collections: All products, High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Grainyhead-Like Protein 2 Homolog (GRHL2) Protein (His) is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a full length protein.
Purity	Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Uniprotkb	Q6ISB3
Target Symbol	GRHL2
Synonyms	Brother of mammalian grainyhead Transcription factor CP2-like 3
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	E.coli
Tag	N-6His
Target Protein Sequence	MSQESDNNKRLVALVPMPSDPPFNTRRAYTSEDEAWKSYLENPLTAATKAMMSINGDEDSAAALGLLYDYYKVPRDKRLLSVSKASDSQEDQEKRNCLGTSEAQSNLSGGENRVQVLKTVPVNLSLNQDHLENSKREQYSISFPESSAIIPVSGITVVKAEDFTPVFMAPPVHYPRGDGEEQRVVIFEQTQYDVPSLATHSAYLKDDQRSTPDSTYSESFKDAATEKFRSASVGAEEYMYDQTSSGTFQYTLEATKSLRQKQGEGPMTYLNKGQFYAITLSETGDNKCFRHPISKVRSVVMVVFSEDKNRDEQLKYWKYWHSRQHTAKQRVLDIADYKESFNTIGNIEEIAYNAVSFTWDVNEEAKIFITVNCLSTDFSSQKGVKGLPLMIQIDTYSYNNRSNKPIHRAYCQIKVFCDKGAERKIRDEERKQNRKKGKGQASQTQCNSSSDGKLAAIPLQKKSDITYFKTMPDLHSQPVLFIPDVHFANLQRTGQVYYNTDDEREGGSVLVKRMFRPMEEEFGPVPSKQMKEEGTKRVLLYVRKETDDVFDALMLKSPTVKGLMEAISEKYGLPVEKIAKLYKKSKKGILVNMDDNIIEHYSNEDTFILNMESMVEGFKVTLMEI
Expression Range	1-625aa
Protein Length	Full Length
Mol. Weight	75.2 kDa
Research Area	Transcription
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Transcription factor playing an important role in primary neurulation and in epithelial development. Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACCGGTT-3' acting as an activator and repressor on distinct target genes. During embryogenesis, plays unique and cooperative roles with GRHL3 in establishing distinct zones of primary neurulation. Essential for closure 3 (rostral end of the forebrain), functions cooperatively with GRHL3 in closure 2 (forebrain/midbrain boundary) and posterior neuropore closure. Regulates epithelial morphogenesis acting as a target gene-associated transcriptional activator of apical junctional complex components. Up-regulates of CLDN3 and CLDN4, as well as of RAB25, which increases the CLDN4 protein and its localization at tight junctions. Comprises an essential component of the transcriptional machinery that establishes appropriate expression levels of CLDN4 and CDH1 in different types of epithelia. Exhibits functional redundancy with GRHL3 in epidermal morphogenetic events and epidermal wound repair. In lung, forms a regulatory loop with NKX2-1 that coordinates lung epithelial cell morphogenesis and differentiation. In keratinocytes, plays a role in telomerase activation during cellular proliferation, regulates TERT expression by binding to TERT promoter region and inhibiting DNA methylation at the 5'-CpG island, possibly by interfering with DNMT1 enzyme activity. In addition, impairs keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal function by inhibiting the expression of genes clustered at the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) as well as GRHL1 and GRHL3 through epigenetic mechanisms.
Subcellular Location	Nucleus. Membrane.
Protein Families	Grh/CP2 family, Grainyhead subfamily
Database References	HGNC: 2799 OMIM: 608576 KEGG: hsa:79977 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000251808 UniGene: PMID: 29499165 GRHL2 gene may have a role in orbital innervations and the defect in this gene (deletion) may be related to the Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 phenotype. PMID: 29110737 In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that GRHL2 has a functional role in the regulation of epithelial plasticity of PDAC cells. PMID: 28960866 data analysis and modeling results highlight the relationships among multiple crucial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition /Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition drivers including ZEB1, GRHL2, CD24, and ESRP1, particularly in basal-like breast cancers, which are most similar to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and are considered the most dangerous subtype PMID: 28266048 Data indicate a 'phenotypic stability factors' (PSFs) such as GRHL2 that couple to the core epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) decision-making circuit (miR-200/ZEB) and stabilize hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (hybrid E/M) E/M phenotype. PMID: 27008704 Silencing of GRHL2 expression in non-tumorigenic kidney cell line results in increased cell proliferation, increased resistance to apoptosis, as well as changes in the levels of selected proteins involved in the pathogenesis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). These changes support the potential role for GRHL2 as a suppressor of ccRCC. PMID: 28543713 Results demonstrate a mechanistic role for GRHL2 in promoting anoikis through metabolic alterations. PMID: 27084311 GRHL2 maintained AR expression in multiple prostate cancer model systems, was required for cell proliferation, enhanced AR's transcriptional activity, and colocated with AR at specific sites on chromatin to regulate genes relevant to disease progression. PMID: 28473532 Studies indicate that Grainyhead-like transcription factor 2 (GRHL2) controls the expression of E-cadherin (CDH1) required for adherens junctions and possibly regulates the expression of claudin-4 (CLDN4) in tight junctions. PMID: 28636799 results indicated GRHL2 might be a noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) susceptibility gene, but the effect of POU4F3 on NIHL could only be detected when taking noise exposure into account and their effects were enhanced by higher levels of noise exposure PMID: 27271650 These data are indicative for a strong oncogenic potential of the GRHL2 gene in epithelial ovarian cancer cells displaying either epithelial (A2780s) or mesenchymal (SKOV3) phenotypes. PMID: 28278050 In this review, we summarized recent progress on grainyhead-like 2 in development and cancer in order to get an insight into the regulation network of grainyhead-like 2 and understand the roles of grainyhead-like 2 in various cancers. PMID: 28459369 A loss or strong reduction in GRHL2 expression appears to be a characteristic of cervical cancer, suggesting that GRHL2 down-regulation is a necessary step during cervical carcinogenesis. PMID: 25550776 In skin from psoriasis patients, the effect of miR-194 on cell proliferation and differentiation was significantly reversed by overexpression of GRHL2. Moreover, the expression of miR-194 and GRHL2 was inversely correlated in psoriasis lesional skin. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-194 inhibits the proliferation and promotes the differentiation of keratinocytes through targeting GRHL2. PMID: 28040329 A novel connection between GRHL2 and miR-200 in oral cancer.Grainyhead-like 2 regulates epithelial plasticity and stemness in oral cancer cells. PMID: 26933170 GRHL2 genetic polymorphisms, rs611419 and rs10955255, have a protective role against sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) and reduce the risk of SSHL. However, rs6989650 is not associated with SSHL. PMID: 26847018 This study showed that Mendelian sensorineural hearing loss exhibits vestibular dysfunction, including DFNA9, DFNA11, DFNA15 and DFNA28. PMID: 27083884 study demonstrates that loss of GRHL2 increases the levels of histone mark H3K27me3 on promoters and GRHL2-binding sites at miR-200b/a and E-cadherin genes. These findings support GRHL2 as a pivotal gatekeeper of EMT in EOC via miR-200-ZEB1. PMID: 26887977 Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for miR-217 in the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation, partially through the regulation of GRHL2. PMID: 26826389 Genetic variations in the EYA4, GRHL2 and DFNA5 genes and their interactions with occupational noise exposure may play an important role in the incidence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). PMID: 26400775 The p63 gene is regulated by GRHL2 through reciprocal feedback and determines the epithelial phenotype in human keratinocytes. PMID: 26085095 A Grhl2-dependent gene network controls trophoblast branching morphogenesis. PMID: 25758223 has identified ZEB1 as a target of GRHL2 and suggested a reciprocal GRHL2-ZEB1 repressive relationship, providing a novel mechanism through which proliferation may be modulated in colorectal cancer cells. PMID: 24756066 Mutations in GRHL2 result in an autosomal-recessive ectodermal Dysplasia syndrome. PMID: 25152456 Over-expression of Grhl2 decreased c-Myc and Bcl-2 protein expression level. PMID: 24068586 These findings indicate that GRHL2 may be a noise-induced hearing loss susceptibility gene and that polymorphisms of GRLH2 may contribute to the etiology of noise-induced hearing loss. PMID: 24131873 expression of GRHL2 is directly suppressed by the ZEB1, which in turn is a direct target for repression by GRHL2, suggesting that the EMT transcription factors GRHL2 and ZEB1 form a double negative regulatory feedback loop PMID: 23814079 Frameshift mutation in GRHL2 is associated with autosomal-dominant deafness. PMID: 23813623 GRHL2 plays a key role in regulating many physiological functions of human airway epithelium, including those involving cell morphogenesis, adhesion, and motility. PMID: 23690579 Grhl2 plays an essential role in the determination of epithelial phenotype of breast cancers, EMT and tumor progression PMID: 23284647 GRHL2 impairs keratinocyte differentiation through transcriptional inhibition of the genes clustered at the epidermal differentiation complex. PMID: 23254293 Findings define a major role for GRHL2 in the suppression of oncogenic EMT in breast cancer cells. PMID: 22379025 GRHL2 suppresses death-receptor expression. PMID: 21949371 No positive association was found between GRHL2 polymorphisms and age-related hearing impairment in Han Chinese individuals. PMID: 21557239 GRHL2 regulates the hTERT expression through an epigenetic mechanism and controls the cellular life span. PMID: 20938050 Grhl2 expression in human tissue samples, including adult kidney, embryonic kidney, renal cell carcinomas and Wilms tumors was highly correlated with E-cadherin expression PMID: 20978075 Fine mapping demonstrated that the majority of the associated SNPs reside in intron 1 of GRHL2 gene; the causative variant may change the expression levels of a GRHL2 isoform. PMID: 17921507 a gain of GRHL2 in 8q22.3 was associated with early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, controlling for clinical parameters PMID: 18752864 Regulation of the hTERT promoter activity by MSH2, the hnRNPs K and D, and GRHL2 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. PMID: 19015635

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Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

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