Recombinant Human Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Protein (His-SUMO)

Name: Recombinant Human Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Protein (His-SUMO)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-02800P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Collections: High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Protein (His-SUMO) is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a full length protein.
Purity	Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Uniprotkb	P04406
Target Symbol	GAPDH
Synonyms	38 kDa BFA-dependent ADP-ribosylation substrate; aging associated gene 9 protein; Aging-associated gene 9 protein; BARS-38; cb609; EC 1.2.1.12; Epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 162eP; G3P_HUMAN; G3PD; G3PDH; GAPD; GAPDH; Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; glyceraldehyde 3-PDH; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HEL-S-162eP; KNC-NDS6; MGC102544; MGC102546; MGC103190; MGC103191; MGC105239; MGC127711; MGC88685; OCAS; p38 component; OCT1 coactivator in S phase; 38-KD component; peptidyl cysteine S nitrosylase GAPDH; Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase GAPDH; wu:fb33a10
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	E.coli
Tag	N-6His-SUMO
Target Protein Sequence	GKVKVGVNGFGRIGRLVTRAAFNSGKVDIVAINDPFIDLNYMVYMFQYDSTHGKFHGTVKAENGKLVINGNPITIFQERDPSKIKWGDAGAEYVVESTGVFTTMEKAGAHLQGGAKRVIISAPSADAPMFVMGVNHEKYDNSLKIISNASCTTNCLAPLAKVIHDNFGIVEGLMTTVHAITATQKTVDGPSGKLWRDGRGALQNIIPASTGAAKAVGKVIPELNGKLTGMAFRVPTANVSVVDLTCRLEKPAKYDDIKKVVKQASEGPLKGILGYTEHQVVSSDFNSDTHSSTFDAGAGIALNDHFVKLISWYDNEFGYSNRVVDLMAHMASKE
Expression Range	2-335aa
Protein Length	Full Length of Mature Protein
Mol. Weight	51.9kDa
Research Area	Neuroscience
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation. Also plays a role in innate immunity by promoting TNF-induced NF-kappa-B activation and type I interferon production, via interaction with TRAF2 and TRAF3, respectively. Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC.
Subcellular Location	Cytoplasm, cytosol. Nucleus. Cytoplasm, perinuclear region. Membrane. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton.
Protein Families	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family
Database References	HGNC: 4141 OMIM: 138400 KEGG: hsa:2597 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000229239 UniGene: PMID: 28450110 GAPDH can interact with proteins participating in DNA repair, such as APE1, PARP1, HMGB1, and HMGB2. In this review, the functions of GAPDH associated with DNA repair are discussed in detail. PMID: 28601074 Nitric oxide-induced GAPDH aggregation specifically induces mitochondrial dysfunction via permeability transition pore opening, leading to cell death. PMID: 28167533 GAPDH may act as a chaperone in heme transfer to downstream areas PMID: 28315300 NAD(+) inhibited both GAPDH aggregation and co-aggregation with GOSPEL, a hitherto undescribed effect of the coenzyme against the consequences of oxidative stress. PMID: 27282776 Monoclonal Antibodies DSHB-hGAPDH-2G7 and DSHB-hGAPDH-4B7 Against Human Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. PMID: 27556912 the present study suggests that GAPDH plays an important role in cancer metastasis by affecting EMT through regulation of Sp1-mediated SNAIL expression. PMID: 27878251 Knockdown of LAMP2A, a CMA-related protein, and TSG101, an mA-related protein, significantly but only partially decreased the punctate accumulation of GAPDH-HT in AD293 cells and primary cultured rat cortical neurons. PMID: 27377049 In conclusion, the data show that two GAPDH binders could be therapeutically relevant in the treatment of injuries stemming from hard oxidative stress. PMID: 26748070 transient silencing of GAPDH reduces intracellular ROS and facilitates increased autophagy, thereby reducing acute hypoxia and reoxygenation injury as well as the resulting apoptosis and necrosis. PMID: 26279122 This review will summarize our current understanding of GAPDH-mediated regulation of RNA function PMID: 26564736 analysis of PSCA level in the peripheral blood of PC patients who underwent radical prostatectomy shows it is related to a GADPH reference level (PSCA/GAPDH ratio) PMID: 26527100 In 60 % of patients with type 2 diabetes, a reversible inhibition of GAPDH is observed. PMID: 25189828 The results of this study led us to conclude that in cancer cells constantly exposed to conditions of oxidative stress, the protective power of Hsp70 should be abolished by specific inhibitors of Hsp70 expression. PMID: 26713364 GAPDH and protoporphyrinogen oxidase were shown to have higher expression in faster growing cell lines and primary tumors. Pharmacologic inhibition of GAPDH or PPOX reduced the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro PMID: 25944804 The levels of GAPDH protein were significantly up-regulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues and elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. PMID: 25944651 Genetic variants in GAPDH confer susceptibility to sporadic Parkinson's disease in a Chinese Han population. PMID: 26258539 Data revealed that GAPDH is a phosphorylation substrate for AMPK and its interaction with Sirt1 in the nucleus. The phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of GAPDH mediate rapid Sirt1 activation and autophagy initiation under glucose deprivation. PMID: 26626483 findings demonstrate that dissociation of the GAPDH/Siah1 pro-apoptotic complex can block high glucose-induced pericyte apoptosis, widely considered a hallmark feature of diabetic retinopathy PMID: 26438826 Extracellular GAPDH, or its N-terminal domain, inhibited gastric cancer cell growth. GAPDH bound to E-cadherin and downregulated the mTOR-p70S6 kinase pathway. PMID: 25785838 suggests that GAPDH aggregates accelerate Abeta amyloidogenesis, subsequently leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death in the pathogenesis of AD PMID: 26359500 The level of GAPDH-AP DNA adduct formation depends on oxidation of the protein SH-groups; disulfide bond reduction in GAPDH leads to the loss of its ability to form the adducts with AP DNA PMID: 26203648 The activity of GAPDS was significantly positively correlated with sperm motility and negatively with the incidence of infertility. PMID: 26255202 The N terminus of nuclear GAPDH binds with PARP-1, and this complex promotes PARP-1 overactivation both in vitro and in vivo. PMID: 25882840 deregulated GAPDH expression promotes NF-kappaB-dependent induction of HIF-1alpha and has a key role in lymphoma vascularization and aggressiveness PMID: 25394713 analysis of how flux through GAPDH is a limiting step in aerobic glycolysis PMID: 25009227 astrocytic production of D-serine is modulated by glycolytic activity via interactions between GAPDH and SRR. PMID: 25870284 Dimer and tetramer interface residues in adenine-uridine rich elements are important for GAPDH-RNA binding. PMID: 25451934 Siah1 is a substrate of ASK1 for activation of the GAPDH-Siah1 oxidative stress signaling cascade. PMID: 25391652 GAPDH expression is deregulated during melanoma progression. PMID: 25550585 Oxidation of an exposed methionine instigates the aggregation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. PMID: 25086035 MZF-1 binds to and positively regulates the GAPDH promoter, indicating a role for GAPDH in calcitriol-mediated signaling. PMID: 25065746 The protein encoded by this gene contains a peptide that displays antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. PMID: 22832495 GAPDH gene over expression in resected tumor samples is an adverse prognostic factor in non small cell lung cancer. PMID: 23988223 This review describes the structure and localization of GAPDH in cells as well as the latest discoveries on the multifunctional properties of the enzyme. PMID: 24018444 TG2-dependent GAPDH deamidation was suggested to participate in actin cytoskeletal remodeling. PMID: 24375405 acetylation of GAPDH (K254) is reversibly regulated by the acetyltransferase PCAF and the deacetylase HDAC5. PMID: 24362262 GAPDH binds to active Akt, leading to Bcl-xL increase and escape from caspase-independent cell death. PMID: 23645209 GAPDH is a moonlighting protein that functions as a glycolytic enzyme as well as a uracil DNA glycosylase. PMID: 20727968 Results indicate that CIB1 is uniquely positioned to regulate PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling and that simultaneous disruption of these pathways synergistically induces a nuclear GAPDH-dependent cell death. PMID: 22964641 The data presented demonstrate that up-regulation of GAPDH positively associated genes is proportional to the malignant stage of various tumors and is associated with an unfavourable prognosis. PMID: 23620736 In a yeast two-hybrid screen of a heart cDNA library with Mst1 as bait, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was identified as an Mst1-interacting protein. PMID: 23527007 interaction between prolyl oligopeptidase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is required for cytosine arabinoside-induced glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase nuclear translocation and cell death PMID: 23348613 NleB, a bacterial glycosyltransferase, targets GAPDH function to inhibit NF-kappaB activation. PMID: 23332158 GAPDH binds to alkylated, single-stranded, double-stranded and telomeric sequences in a drug-dependent and DNA sequence/structure-dependent manner. PMID: 23409959 GAPDH negatively regulates HIV-1 infection and provide insights into a novel function of GAPDH in the HIV-1 life cycle and a new host defense mechanism against HIV-1 infection. PMID: 23237566 The strength, selectivity, reversibility, and redox sensitivity of heme binding to GAPDH are consistent with it performing heme sensing or heme chaperone-like functions in cells. PMID: 22957700 The ability of C1q to sense both human and bacterial GAPDHs sheds new insights on the role of this important defense collagen molecule in modulating the immune response. PMID: 23086952 SIRT1 functions to retain GAPDH in the cytosol, protecting the enzyme from nuclear translocation via interaction with these two proteins. PMID: 22789853 The present mini review summarizes recent findings relating to the extraglycolytic functions of GAPDH and highlights the significant role this enzyme plays in regulating both cell survival and apoptotic death--{REVIEW} PMID: 21895736

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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