Recombinant Human Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GCKR) Protein (His)

Name: Recombinant Human Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GCKR) Protein (His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-03212P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GCKR) Protein (His) is produced by our Yeast expression system. This is a full length protein.
Purity	Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Uniprotkb	Q14397
Target Symbol	GCKR
Synonyms	FGQTL5; GCK; GCKR; GCKR_HUMAN; GKRP ; GLRE; glucokinase (hexokinase 4) regulator; Glucokinase; Glucokinase regulator; Glucokinase regulatory protein; Hexokinase 4 regulator; Hexokinase type IV; Hexokinase-4; Hexokinase-D; HK IV; HK4; OTTHUMP00000158533
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	Yeast
Tag	N-6His
Target Protein Sequence	MPGTKRFQHVIETPEPGKWELSGYEAAVPITEKSNPLTQDLDKADAENIVRLLGQCDAEIFQEEGQALSTYQRLYSESILTTMVQVAGKVQEVLKEPDGGLVVLSGGGTSGRMAFLMSVSFNQLMKGLGQKPLYTYLIAGGDRSVVASREGTEDSALHGIEELKKVAAGKKRVIVIGISVGLSAPFVAGQMDCCMNNTAVFLPVLVGFNPVSMARNDPIEDWSSTFRQVAERMQKMQEKQKAFVLNPAIGPEGLSGSSRMKGGSATKILLETLLLAAHKTVDQGIAASQRCLLEILRTFERAHQVTYSQSPKIATLMKSVSTSLEKKGHVYLVGWQTLGIIAIMDGVECIHTFGADFRDVRGFLIGDHSDMFNQKAELTNQGPQFTFSQEDFLTSILPSLTEIDTVVFIFTLDDNLTEVQTIVEQVKEKTNHIQALAHSTVGQTLPIPLKKLFPSIISITWPLLFFEYEGNFIQKFQRELSTKWVLNTVSTGAHVLLGKILQNHMLDLRISNSKLFWRALAMLQRFSGQSKARCIESLLRAIHFPQPLSDDIRAAPISCHVQVAHEKEQVIPIALLSLLFRCSITEAQAHLAAAPSVCEAVRSALAGPGQKRTADPLEILEPDVQ
Expression Range	1-625aa
Protein Length	Full Length
Mol. Weight	70.7kDa
Research Area	Signal Transduction
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Regulates glucokinase (GCK) by forming an inactive complex with this enzyme. Acts by promoting GCK recruitment to the nucleus, possibly to provide a reserve of GCK that can be quickly released in the cytoplasm after a meal. The affinity of GCKR for GCK is modulated by fructose metabolites: GCKR with bound fructose 6-phosphate has increased affinity for GCK, while GCKR with bound fructose 1-phosphate has strongly decreased affinity for GCK and does not inhibit GCK activity.
Subcellular Location	Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Mitochondrion.
Protein Families	GCKR family
Database References	HGNC: 4196 OMIM: 600842 KEGG: hsa:2646 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000264717 UniGene: PMID: 30055620 Results show that GCKR was associated with hypertriglyceridemia in Mexican Mestizos but not in Mexican Amerindians. PMID: 30176313 The results of this population-based study provide evidence for a relationship between lipid regulatory gene polymorphisms including GCKR (rs780094), GCKR (rs1260333), FADS (rs174547), and MLXIPL (rs3812316) with dyslipidemia in an Iranian population. PMID: 29858861 genome-wide association study in US: Data suggest, among white subjects, an SNP in RCN3 (rs34459162) and a missense mutation in GCKR (rs1260236) are associated with serum levels of glycated albumin; among black subjects, an intergenic SNP in PRKCA (rs2438321) is associated with fructosamine levels and an intronic variant in PRKCA (rs59443763) is associated with glycated albumin levels. (RCN3 = reticulocalbin-3) PMID: 29844224 Interaction of any alcohol exposure with GCKR (rs780094) and A1CF (rs10821905) influenced the risk of gout in Europeans PMID: 28679452 GCKR rs780094-C is associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.[meta-analysis] PMID: 29410004 Mutations in the genes glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR), RNase L (RNASEL), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 3 (LILRA3), and dynein axonemal heavy chain 10 (DNAH10) segregated with elevated HDLc levels in families, while no mutations associated with low HDLc. PMID: 24891332 rs1260326 T-allele was associated with plasma lactate in European-Americans and African-Americans. PMID: 26433129 Patients with moderately controlled type 2 diabetes carrying two T alleles displayed higher plasma triglycerides levels than homozygous carriers of the C allele, whereas no differences were observed in healthy individuals. PMID: 27660121 GCKR association with adiposity and the risk of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease PMID: 28436986 The existence of a liver-specific FOXA2-regulated transcriptional enhancer at an intronic T2D locus represented by rs780094, rs780095, and rs780096 SNPs that increases GCKR expression is demonstrated. PMID: 28683826 GCKR Leu446 may influence FGF21 expression via its ability to increase glucokinase (GCK) activity. This can lead to enhanced FGF21 expression via elevated fatty acid synthesis, consequent to the inhibition of carnitine/palmitoyl-transferase by malonyl-CoA, and via increased glucose-6-phosphate-mediated activation of the carbohydrate response element binding protein, known to regulate FGF21 gene expression. PMID: 28385800 The rs780094 [1.34 (1.21-1.49); p = 8.57 x 10(-8) ] on chr 2 at the glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) locus was similarly significantly associated, while the rs10911205 [1.29 (1.16-1.44); p = 3.52 x 10(-6) ] on chr1 at the laminin subunit gamma-1 (LAMC1) locus showed suggestive association with disease. PMID: 27599772 Carriers of the C allele of rs780094 were 1.41 (odds ratio, 95% CI, 0.97-2.03) times more likely to develop Gestational Diabetes. PMID: 27554451 Among Mexicans, the PNPLA3 (rs738409), LYPLAL1 (rs12137855), PPP1R3B (rs4240624), and GCKR (rs780094) polymorphisms may be associated with a greater risk of chronic liver disease among overweight adults. PMID: 27752939 The present study explored the association between a common variant of the glucokinase regulator (GCKR) gene and metabolic syndrome and its related traits in Taiwanese adolescents PMID: 26799416 This study shows that in patients with type 2 diabetes who were not selected for liver abnormalities, liver fat content was related to GCKR rs1260326 polymorphism PMID: 25976242 Lifestyle Intervention for Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Changes in the Setting of Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Inhibition: Glucokinase Regulatory Protein-Leu446Pro Variant in Look AHEAD PMID: 26578543 The GCKR rs780092 variant showed opposite-directional associations with type 2 diabetes and hypertriacylglycerolaemia in a Chinese population. PMID: 26515422 The AA genotype of the GCKR rs780094 polymorphism may increase the risk of T2D among ethnic Uygurs from Xinjiang. PMID: 27455017 Two new polymorphisms associated with gall bladder disease and obesity in women have been identified, GCKR rs1260326, and TTC39B rs686030. PMID: 25920552 We found that the PPARGC1A and PNPLA3 variants, but not the GCKR variant, were associated with NASH. PMID: 27015186 Disruption of the GKRP-glucokinase complex is a promising new antidiabetic target, since it results in lower plasma glucose levels without inducing hypoglycemia[review] PMID: 26432016 this is the first evidence that n-3 LC-PUFAs may modulate the impact of the GCKR rs1260326 polymorphism on TG concentrations in adolescents. Several molecular mechanisms, in link with glucose uptake, could explain these findings PMID: 26136510 SNPs in SORT1, CETP and GCKR were individually associated with lipid level variations in Algerian population. PMID: 26261636 interaction effects between GCKR genetic variants and the dietary MUFA:SFA ratio on lipid levels PMID: 26291577 rs1260326 in GCKR significantly associates with alpha-1 antitrypsin levels. PMID: 26174136 GCKR polymorphisms might be independent predictors of survival in metastatic gastric cancer patients treated with first-line EOF chemotherapy PMID: 26115082 The AA genotype in maternal GCKR rs780094 is associated with an increased risk for neural tube defects and spina bifida in the Chinese population. PMID: 25369983 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms alleles near GCKR that were associated with higher coffee consumption. PMID: 25288136 GCKR variants across the allelic spectrum have effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis. [Review] PMID: 25692341 GCKR rs1260326 gene variant, which is associated with greater glycolysis, increases hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis. PMID: 26043229 Polymorphisms in GCKR, SLC17A1 and SLC22A12 were associated with phenotype gout in Han Chinese males. PMID: 26290326 meta-analysis provides evidence of significant association between GCKR rs780094 and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease PMID: 25167786 GCKR rs780094 variants modulate uric acid concentrations in Chinese males. PMID: 25283508 Individuals who are homozygous TT at rs1260326 of the GCKR gene have higher triglyceride, total and LDL cholesterol levels regardless of the presence of GCK mutations. PMID: 24918535 Despite evidence for their collective functional and clinical relevance, results emphasize the low predictive value of rare GCKR variants in individuals and the complex heritability of lipid traits. PMID: 24879641 genetic association studies in Japan: Data suggest that SNPs in GCKR (rs780094), TRIB1 (tribbles pseudokinase 1, rs2954021), and PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3, rs738409) are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PMID: 24785259 Results showed that the GCKR rs1260326 polymorphism is significantly associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Japanese individuals, and found a possible significant interaction between this polymorphism and current smoking on CKD risk. PMID: 24535998 GCKR and PNPLA3 genes interact to result in increased susceptibility to NAFLD. PMID: 23800943 Data indicate that in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) rs780094 C>T is associated with the severity of liver fibrosis and with higher serum triglyceride levels. PMID: 24498332 GCKR rs780094 was associated with TG, HDL-C, and HbA1c levels, as well as with CIMT in Japanese community-dwelling men. PMID: 23989113 genetic association studies in population in Norfolk, England: Data suggest that an SNP in GCKR (rs780094) is associated with risk of cardiometabolic diseases (cardiovascular diseases; diabetes type 2) in the population studied. PMID: 24804806 genetic polymorphism is associated with Factor VII and with plasma viscosity PMID: 24178511 The GCKR rs780093 polymorphism is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in individuals aged 65 and older. PMID: 24385677 RESULTS: rs1260326 in GCKR (beta=1.30, P = 3.23E-03), rs17319721 in SHROOM3 (beta = -1.28, P-value = 3.18E-03) and rs12917707 in UMOD (beta = 2.0, P-value = 8.84E-04) were significantly associated with baseline estimated GFR PMID: 23586973 genetic association studies in Han Chinese population in Taiwan: Data suggest that an SNP in GCKR (rs780094) is associated with increased susceptibility/risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the population of obese children studied. PMID: 24477042 Findings from middle-aged to older adults confirm associations between rs1260326 GCKR and triglycerides and glucose, suggest gene-environment interactions, but do not provide evidence that its relevance extends to cognitive and physical capability. PMID: 23894584 Some, but not all, associations between variants in NCAN, lysophospholipase-like 1, GCKR, and PPP1R3B with hepatic steatosis (with and without increased ALT level) were significant within subpopulations. PMID: 23416328 Our observations provide a model for the regulation of GCK-GKRP complex stability by sugar phosphates involving a subtle reorganization of the GKRP scaffold. PMID: 23957911

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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