Recombinant Human GFAP Protein (N-6His)

Name: Recombinant Human GFAP Protein (N-6His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-0360NP
Availability: InStock

BL-0360NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)

Collections: High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein is produced by our E.coli expression system and the target gene encoding Leu292-Met432 is expressed with a 6His tag at the N-terminus.
Accession	P14136
Synonym	Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; GFAP
Gene Background	Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) protein which belongs to the intermediate filament family. GFAP is expressed in numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), ependymal cells and phosphorylated by PKN1. GFAP, a class-III intermediate filament, is a cell-specific marker during the development of the central nervous system and distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells. It is closely related to its non-epithelial family members, vimentin, desmin, and peripherin, which are all involved in the structure and function of the cell’s cytoskeleton. GFAP is thought to help to maintain astrocyte mechanical strength, as well as the shape of cells but its exact function remains poorly understood.
Molecular Mass	18.7 KDa
Apmol Mass	17 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of PBS, pH 7.4.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity	Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
Biological Activity	Not tested
Reconstitution	Always centrifuge tubes before opening. Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage	Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	GFAP, a class-III intermediate filament, is a cell-specific marker that, during the development of the central nervous system, distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells.
Subcellular Location	Cytoplasm.
Protein Families	Intermediate filament family
Database References	HGNC: 4235 OMIM: 137780 KEGG: hsa:2670 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000253408 UniGene: PMID: 29193473 amniotic fluid -GFAP levels differentiate between myelomeningocele and myeloschisis, and raise interesting questions regarding the clinical significance between the 2 types of defects. PMID: 28768252 Desmin, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Vimentin, and Peripherin are type III intermediate filaments that have roles in health and disease [review] PMID: 29196434 Plasma concentration of GFAP demonstrated associations with stroke occurrence in a West African cohort but was not associated with stroke severity or mortality. PMID: 29074065 This study demonstrated that Concentrations of microparticles expressing GFAP and AQP4 were significantly higher in the traumatic brain injury group compared with healthy controls. PMID: 28972406 The authors observed higher serum levels of GFAP and UCH-L1 in brain-injured children compared with controls and also demonstrated a step-wise increase of biomarker concentrations over the continuum of severity from mild to severe traumatic brain injury. Serum UCH-L1 and GFAP concentrations also strongly predicted poor outcome. PMID: 27319802 Study examined if QKI6B expression can predict the outcome of GFAP, and several oligodendrocyte-related genes, in the prefrontal cortex of brain samples of schizophrenic individuals. QKI6B significantly predicts the expression of GFAP, but does not predict oligodendrocyte-related gene outcome, as previously seen with other QKI isoforms. PMID: 28552414 GFAP, along with tau and AmyloidBeta42, were increased in plasma up to 90 days after traumatic brain injury compared with controls. PMID: 27312416 Results show that the positive rates and expression levels of nestin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), GFAP and IL-17 were significantly decreased while Foxp3 and the ratio of Foxp3/IL-17 were statistically elevated in BM of AML patients. PMID: 27016413 GFAP levels >0.29 ng/ml were seen only in intracerebral hemorrhage, thus confirming the diagnosis of ICH during prehospital care. PMID: 27951536 These results indicate that autoantibodies against GFAP could serve as a predictive marker for the development of overt autoimmune diabetes. PMID: 28546444 Higher median plasma GFAP values were documented in intracerebral hemorrhage compared with acute ischemic stroke, stroke mimics, and controls. PMID: 28751552 GFAP is specifically expressed in the auricular chondrocytes, and assumes a pivotal role in resistance against mechanical stress. PMID: 28063220 Bevacizumab treatment was also associated with structural protein abnormalities, with decreased GFAP and vimentin content and upregulated GFAP and vimentin mRNA expression. PMID: 28419863 the exchange of GFP-GFAPdelta was significantly slower than the exchange of GFP-GFAPalpha with the intermediate filament-network. PMID: 27141937 Tat expression or GFAP expression led to formation of GFAP aggregates and induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in astrocytes. PMID: 27609520 This study demonstrated that GFAP exhibited distinct temporal profiles over the course of 7 days in patient with traumatic brain injury. PMID: 27018834 e data indicates that serum GFAP levels may be associated with severity of autism spectrum disorders among Chinese children. PMID: 28088366 High GFAP expression is associated with retinoblastoma. PMID: 27488116 Overall, glial fibrillary acidic protein reflected no evidence for significant peripartum brain injury in neonates with congenital heart defects, but there was a trend for elevation by postnatal day 4 in neonates with left heart obstruction. PMID: 26786018 serum levels of GFAP were significantly lower in autism spectrum disorders than controls PMID: 27097671 We found downregulation of GFAP mRNA and protein in the mediodorsal thalamus and caudate nucleus of depressed suicides compared with controls, whereas GFAP expression in other brain regions was similar between groups. Furthermore, a regional comparison including all samples revealed that GFAP expression in both subcortical regions was, on average, between 11- and 15-fold greater than in cerebellum and neocortex. PMID: 26033239 No difference in cord blood concentration found between hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy neonates and controls PMID: 26135781 GFAP is upregulated following an insult or injury to the brain, additionally making it an indicator of CNS pathology. PMID: 25846779 This study demonistrated that the density of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes is decreased in left hippocampi in major depressive disorder PMID: 26742791 This study demonstrated that GFAP as a promising biomarker to distinguish ischemic stroke from intracerebral hemorrhage. PMID: 26526443 The levels of GFAP in Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy control subjects. PMID: 26485083 GFAP is significantly associated with outcome, but it does not add predictive power to commonly used prognostic variables in a population of patients with TBI of varying severities. PMID: 26547005 Neither duplications nor deletions of GFAP were found, suggesting that GFAP coding-region rearrangements may not be involved in Alexander disease or Alexanderrelated leukoencephalopathies. PMID: 26208460 The data suggest that human vitreous body GFAP is a protein biomarker for glial activation in response to retinal pathologies. PMID: 26279003 Studied diagnostic Value of Serum Levels of GFAP, pNF-H, and NSE Compared With Clinical Findings in Severity Assessment of Human Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. PMID: 25341992 GFAP peaks early during haemorrhagic brain lesions (at significantly higher levels), and late in ischaemic events, whereas antibodies against NR2 RNMDA have significantly higher levels during ischemic stroke at all time-points. PMID: 26081945 There was an absence of GFAP in astrocytes during early fetal spinal cord development until 9 months of gestation , and the appearance of GFAP-positive reactivity was later than that of neurons. PMID: 25904356 It could be a clinically relevant marker associated with tumor invasiveness in cerebral astrocytomas. PMID: 25178519 These data imply that a tight regulation of histone acetylation in astrocytes is essential, because dysregulation of gene expression causes the aggregation of GFAP, a hallmark of human diseases like Alexander's disease. PMID: 25128567 Identification of a novel nonsense mutation in the rod domain of GFAP that is associated with Alexander disease. PMID: 24755947 The role of S100B protein, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the evaluation of hypoxic brain injury in acute carbon monoxide poisoning PMID: 24505052 GFAP, the principal intermediate filament protein of astrocytes, is involved in physiological, but in particular, in pathophysiological functions of astrocytes, the latter ones being connected with astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. [Review] PMID: 25726916 The data on the changes in expression of GFAP in Alexander disease caused by the primary pathology of astrocytes are presented. PMID: 25859599 A combined profile of preoperative IGFBP-2, GFAP, and YKL-40 plasma levels could serve as an additional diagnostic tool for patients with inoperable brain lesions suggestive of Glioblastoma multiforme. PMID: 25139333 There are significant increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for repair of congenital heart disease. The highest values were seen during the re-warming phase. PMID: 23845562 This stuidy demonistrated that Fibrillary astrocytes are decreased in the subgenual cingulate in schizophrenia. PMID: 24374936 TBI patients showed an average 3.77 fold increase in anti-GFAP autoantibody levels from early (0-1 days) to late (7-10 days) times post injury. PMID: 24667434 We showed that GFAP is over-expressed and hypophosphorylated in the enteric glial cells of Parkinson's disease patients as compared to healthy subjects PMID: 24749759 Its expression is associated with plaque load related astrogliosis in Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 24269023 The findings of this study that caspase-mediated GFAP proteolysis may be a common event in the context of both the GFAP mutation and excess. PMID: 24102621 This study demonistratedt hat Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in prefrontal cortex in psychotic illness PMID: 23911257 Data indicate that Gfapdelta is expressed in the in developing mouse brain sub-ventricular zones in accordance with the described localization in the developing and adult human brain. PMID: 23991052 GFAP-breakdown products blood levels reliably distinguished severity of injury in traumatic brain injury patients. PMID: 23489259 The C/C genotype at rs2070935 of the GFAP promoter in late-onset AxD was associated with an earlier onset and a more rapid progression of ambulatory disability compared with the other genotypes. PMID: 23903069

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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