Recombinant Human GCG Protein (C-6His)

Name: Recombinant Human GCG Protein (C-6His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-1366NP
Availability: InStock

Collections: High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Glucagon is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Arg21-Lys180 is expressed with a 6His tag at the C-terminus.
Accession	P01275
Synonym	Glucagon; Glicentin; Glicentin-Related Polypeptide; GRPP; Oxyntomodulin; OXM; OXY; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; GLP-1; Incretin Hormone; Glucagon-like Peptide 1; GLP-1; Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; GLP-2; GCG
Gene Background	Glucagon is a secreted protein and belongs to the glucagon family. Glucagon can be cleved into 8 chains, playing an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. Glucagon can regulates blood glucose by decreasing glycolysis and increasing gluconeogenesis. In addition, Glucagon is involved in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. Glucagon release is stimulated by hypoglycemia and inhibited by hyperglycemia, insulin, and somatostatin. In the glucagon antagonist, His-53 and Phe-58 are missing. This antagonist has been successfully utilized to reduce glucose concentration in vivo.
Molecular Mass	18.6 KDa
Apmol Mass	19 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation	Supplied as a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20mM Tris-HCl, 200mM NaCl, 1mM DTT, 50% Glycerol, pH 8.0.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity
Biological Activity	Not tested
Reconstitution
Storage	Store at ≤-70°C, stable for 6 months after receipt. Store at ≤-70°C, stable for 3 months under sterile conditions after opening. Please minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Shipping	The product is shipped on dry ice/polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	Plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.; Potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Also stimulates insulin release in response to IL6. Plays important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin. Has growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis.; Stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a key role in nutrient homeostasis, enhancing nutrient assimilation through enhanced gastrointestinal function, as well as increasing nutrient disposal. Stimulates intestinal glucose transport and decreases mucosal permeability.; Significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension, which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness.; May modulate gastric acid secretion and the gastro-pyloro-duodenal activity. May play an important role in intestinal mucosal growth in the early period of life.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.; [Glucagon-like peptide 1]: Secreted.
Protein Families	Glucagon family
Database References	HGNC: 4191 OMIM: 138030 KEGG: hsa:2641 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000387662 UniGene: PMID: 29883799 RYGB increased circulating bile acids, ileal Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and mTORC1 signaling activity, as well as GLP-1 production in both mice and human subjects. Inhibition of ileal mTORC1 signaling by rapamycin significantly attenuated the stimulation of bile acid secretion, TGR5 expression and GLP-1 synthesis induced by RYGB in lean and diet-induced obese mice. PMID: 29859856 Glucagon role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.[review] PMID: 29024725 This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of GLP-1 in the protection against oxidative damage and the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. [review] PMID: 29271910 Study concludes that in healthy subjects, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases cardiac output acutely due to a GLP-1-induced vasodilation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle together with an increase in cardiac work. PMID: 28174344 Chenodeoxycholic acid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. PMID: 28202805 The results demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin synergistically and additively activate vagal afferent neurons. PMID: 28624122 DPP-4 activity and GLP-1total levels were higher in patients with microvascular complications associated with T2DM. Contrary to expectations, no negative correlation was seen between GLP-1 and DDP-4 levels. This result suggests the possible inefficacy of DDP-4 activity as a marker to predict in vivo degradation of endogenous GLP-1. PMID: 29061224 Data suggest that cAMP acts as amplifier of insulin secretion triggered by Ca2+ elevation in beta-cells; both messengers are also positive modulators of glucagon release from alpha-cells, but in this case cAMP signaling may be the important regulator and Ca2+ signaling has a more permissive role. [REVIEW] PMID: 28466587 This study provides evidence that, in HepG2 cells, GLP-1 may affect cholesterol homeostasis by regulating the expression of miR-758 and ABCA1. PMID: 29453982 This study reports the transition dipole strengths and frequencies of the amyloid beta-sheet amide I mode for the aggregated proteins amyloid-beta1-40, calcitonin, alpha-synuclein, and glucagon. PMID: 28851219 genetic association studies in population in China: Data confirm that an SNP in an intron of SLC47A1 (rs2289669) is associated with hypoglycemic response to metformin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; differential increases in basal GLP1 plasma levels are also related to this SNP. (SLC47A1 = solute carrier family 47 member 1; GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide-1) PMID: 28321905 GLP-2 augmented BRIN BD11 beta-cell proliferation, but was less efficacious in 1.1B4 cells. These data highlight the involvement of GLP-2 receptor signalling in the adaptations to pancreatic islet cell stress. PMID: 28746825 Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2) stimulates cancer myofibroblast proliferation, migration and invasion; GLP-2 acts indirectly on epithelial cells partly via increased Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) expression in myofibroblasts. PMID: 28363795 Describe model, in which the release of GIP/GLP-1 is stimulated by glucose in the proximal small intestine, and no differences in the secretion dynamics between healthy individuals and patients with T2D are identified after taking differences in glucose profiles into account. PMID: 28374974 the solvent exposure of the two Phe sites along the glucagon sequence was determined, showing that 4F-Phe6 was fully solvent exposed and 4F-Phe22 was only partially exposed PMID: 28508109 Data suggest that dose/intensity-response relationships exist between exercise intensity and total plasma PYY levels, though the effects on total plasma GLP1 levels and hunger perceptions seem unclear. (PYY = peptide YY ; GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide 1) PMID: 27721013 GLP-2 could be considered an hormone causing positive energy balance, which, however has the role to mitigate the metabolic dysfunctions associated with hyper-adiposity. [review] PMID: 27664588 Studies indicate that nutrient-induced glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) response was one of the best predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission after Roux-en-Y-gastric-bypass (RYGB). PMID: 29040429 Insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals is associated with raised fasting GLP-1 levels but reduced GLP-1 responses to meal stimulation. PMID: 29097626 Age-dependent human beta cell proliferation induced by glucagon-like peptide 1 and calcineurin signaling PMID: 28920919 Data suggest early peaks in glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon secretion/blood level together trigger exaggerated insulinotropic response (high insulin secretion/level) to eating and consequent hypoglycaemia in patients with postprandial hypoglycaemia as a postoperative complication following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for obesity complicated by type 2 diabetes; this retrospective cohort study was conducted in London. PMID: 28855269 A common variant, i.e., single nucleotide polymorphism rs6741949, in the DPP4 gene interacts with body adiposity and negatively affects glucose-stimulated GLP-1 levels, insulin secretion, and glucose tolerance. PMID: 28750074 Compared with the lean group, the obese group had significantly higher fasting and post-OGTT GIP levels, but similar fasting GLP-1 and significantly lower post-OGTT GLP-1 levels. PMID: 28655715 Hemodialysis improves upper GI symptoms and gastric slow waves in CKD patients. An increase in ghrelin and a decrease in GLP-1 might be involved in the HD-induced improvement in gastric slow waves. PMID: 28566304 Data suggest that, in obesity, serum levels of active GLP1 are down-regulated and serum levels of soluble DPP4 are up-regulated; DPP4 levels correlate negatively with active GLP-1 levels but are positively associated with insulin resistance; thus, DPP4 may be biomarker for insulin resistance. This study was conducted in Malaysia. (GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide 1; DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase 4) PMID: 28288852 Insulin resistance, postprandial GLP-1 and adaptive immunity are the main predictors of NAFLD in a homogeneous population at high cardiovascular risk. PMID: 27134062 Data suggest that laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) for morbid obesity improves insulin resistance after either fast or slow feeding/eating; these findings suggest a negligible contribution of anorexigenic gut peptides GLP1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and PYY (peptide YY) from intestinal L cells in response to LSG-induced weight loss. PMID: 27022941 L-trp is a luminal regulator of CCK release with effects on gastric emptying, an effect that could be mediated by CCK. L-trp's effect on GLP-1 secretion is only minor. At the doses given, the two amino acids did not affect subjective appetite feelings. PMID: 27875537 rs12104705 CC genotype associated with both general obesity and abdominal obesity in case of new-onset diabetes PMID: 27998387 The effects of GLP-1-based therapies on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics are not mediated through microvascular responses. PMID: 27562916 Endogenous GLP1 is involved in the central regulation of feeding by affecting central responsiveness to palatable food consumption. PMID: 26769912 secretion of oxyntomodulin in patients with type 2 diabetes is significantly impaired. PMID: 27322465 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogues Inhibit Proliferation and Increase Apoptosis of Human Prostate Cancer Cells PMID: 28008585 The GLP-1 secretion after 75 g OGTT was impaired in newly diagnosed T2DM patients, inversely proportional to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, and positively correlated with beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. PMID: 26739974 GLP-1 secretion increased in response to inflammatory stimuli in humans, which was associated to parameters of glucose metabolism and best predicted by IL6. PMID: 26842302 Among young and healthy adults, GLP-1 levels are strongly and independently related to body fat mass especially in men, but not body mass index or waist circumference. PMID: 25865948 Glucagon circulates in patients without a pancreas and glucose stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract elicits significant hyperglucagonemia in these patients. PMID: 26672094 There is minor contribution of endogenous GLP-1 and GLP-2 to postprandial lipemia in obese men. PMID: 26752550 Data suggest that endocrine responses differ between jejunal and gastric enteral feeding, with higher peak plasma CCK (cholecystokinin), PYY (peptide YY), and GLP-1/2 (glucagon-like peptides 1/2) concentrations being attained after jejunal feeding. PMID: 26762368 Data suggest that capsaicin, an appetite suppressant dietary supplement (here, administered via intraduodenal infusion), does not act via alteration of secretion of satiety hormones GLP-1 (GLP-1) and PYY (peptide YY). PMID: 26718419 Data show that NCI-H716 cells were immunostained for tumor necrosis factor receptor TNFR1, and TNFalpha treatment enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. PMID: 26270730 active GLP-1 produced in the islet stimulates cholecystokinin production and secretion in a paracrine manner via cyclic AMP and CREB. PMID: 25984632 Data suggest that secretion of insulin and glucagon is up-regulated in subjects with type 2 diabetes with dyssomnia as compared to subjects with type 2 diabetes without dyssomnia; those with dyssomnia exhibit prehypertension and insulin resistance. PMID: 25957006 no association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility in Chinese population PMID: 25863010 Data suggest plasma GLP1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and PYY (peptide YY) can be regulated by digestion-resistant diet factors; intake of soluble dietary fiber (prebiotic Fibersol-2) in a tea with meal up-regulated plasma GLP1/PYY and decreased hunger. PMID: 25823991 Glucagon has emerged as a key hormone for the regulation of glucose homeostasis and for development of type 2 diabetes. [Review] PMID: 25814364 The PKC-dependent effect of GLP-1 on membrane potential and electrical activity was mediated by activation of Na(+)-permeable TRPM4 and TRPM5 channels by mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) from thapsigargin-sensitive Ca(2+) stores PMID: 26571400 The actions of GLP-2 are transduced by the GLP-2 receptor [GLP-2R], which is localized in the neurons of the enteric nervous system but not in the intestinal epithelium. PMID: 25218018 GLP-1 increases PGC-1(alpha) expression by downregulating miR-23a in liver cells. PMID: 26315270

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

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