Recombinant Human Galanin Peptides (GAL) Protein (His&Myc)

Name: Recombinant Human Galanin Peptides (GAL) Protein (His&Myc)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-06980P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Collections: All products, High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Galanin Peptides (GAL) Protein (His&Myc) is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a protein fragment.
Purity	Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Uniprotkb	P22466
Target Symbol	GAL
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	E.coli
Tag	N-10His&C-Myc
Target Protein Sequence	GPHAVGNHRSFSDKNGLTSKRELRPEDDMKPGSFDRSIPENNIMRTIIEFLSFLHLKEAGALDRLLDLPAAASSEDIERS
Expression Range	44-123aa
Protein Length	Partial
Mol. Weight	16.4 kDa
Research Area	Cardiovascular
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Endocrine hormone of the central and peripheral nervous systems that binds and activates the G protein-coupled receptors GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3. This small neuropeptide may regulate diverse physiologic functions including contraction of smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, growth hormone and insulin release and adrenal secretion.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.
Protein Families	Galanin family
Database References	HGNC: 4114 OMIM: 137035 KEGG: hsa:51083 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000265643 UniGene: PMID: 28987550 Higher serum galanin levels were determined in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. PMID: 28416367 Serum galanin (GAL) levels are significantly higher in the obese group compared with lean subjects during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). PMID: 27550417 Galanin per se did not affect the dynamic mass redistribution of natural killer (NK) cells, but significantly enhanced the response of NK cells to IL-18 PMID: 27837916 majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive PMID: 27914762 ultraviolet irradiation upregulated galanin mRNA and protein expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in human skin in vivo PMID: 27943416 GAL and its receptor GALR3 are differentially methylated and expressed in brains of major depressive disorder subjects in a region- and sex-specific manner. PMID: 27940914 Study found dramatic reduction in von Willebrand factor extrusion and multimer expression by the neuropeptide galanin in cultured endocardial endothelial cells from heart failure patients. Results suggest that a combination of beta-blockers and galanin therapy may be one therapeutic option for improving endocardial endothelial anticoagulant function. PMID: 28720509 The analyses revealed that the presence of the galanin gene minor allele (G) increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in men (OR = 2.49, P = 0.008) but not in women. PMID: 27870457 Study provides evidence that GAL and GALR1/2 genes were identified as aberrantly methylated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 27685843 Low levels of plasma galanin is associated with obese subjects with hypertension. PMID: 27538957 results indicated that obese individuals have higher plasma GAL and GALP concentrations and both peptide concentrations were positively correlative to triglyceride concentrations in obese human PMID: 27474259 GAL and its receptors, GALR1 and GALR2, play a role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis PMID: 26572146 Elevated galanin may predict the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus for development of Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 26253934 This study demonstrated that Galanin upregulation within the basal forebrain cholinergic system in LBD PMID: 26621352 Galanin released by cancer induces neuritogenesis, facilitating perineural invasion. PMID: 25917569 Mutations in the human GAL gene cause temporal lobe epilepsy. PMID: 25691535 This is the first report of the various galanin receptors in the human eye. PMID: 26122049 Galanin can be regarded as an immunomodulatory peptide as it can sensitize polymorphonuclear neutrophils towards pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans and mice. PMID: 25545502 found no association of the galanin enhancer genotype with any of the other pathophysiological parameters measured PMID: 25228436 Data shows that high expression of GAL is associated with poor prognosis of stage II colorectal cancer patients (CRC) and GAL expression may be related to the aggressive behavior of CRC. PMID: 25504183 The plasma galanin levels are higher in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus than in normal pregnancy. PMID: 24503374 Data suggest that plasma levels of galanin and interleukin-6 are up-regulated in second trimester in women with gestational diabetes (glucose intolerant/insulin resistant) as compared to normal pregnant women (with normal glucose/insulin tolerance). PMID: 24397394 Galanin plays a crucial role in inhibiting insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells to prevent hyperinsulinemia, which is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [review] PMID: 24106965 Variants in genes for galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3), despite their disparate genomic loci, conferred increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. PMID: 24706871 The SNPs of rs694066 in the GAL gene showed a positive correlation with the major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population. PMID: 23741354 Galanin has a role in regulating eccrine sweat gland secretion PMID: 23278944 These results suggest that the activation of progalanin by plasmin in the extracellular compartment was involved in MMP-9 and MMP-2 activation and in angiogenesis in tumor tissue. PMID: 23261456 Moreover, we have identified a novel role for the GalR1/galanin receptor-ligand axis in chemoresistance, providing evidence to support its further evaluation as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in colorectal cancer . PMID: 22859720 localization of the transcripts for galanin and its receptors (GalR1-R3), tryptophan hydroxylase 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase and the three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT 1-3) in the locus coeruleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus PMID: 23341594 The results indicate the continuous presence of GAL-ergic innervation in the immediate vicinity of the cancer invasion, which may be attributed to increased contraction of the affected part of intestine. PMID: 22226150 Study revealed that plasmin was present in tumor tissue, and that it was responsible for processing progalanin to galanin(1-20) in the extracellular environment. PMID: 21707521 This study suggested that the adenylate GAL related to major depressive disorder. PMID: 21042317 Circulating galanin levels at birth are not affected by GDM and IUGR, providing no evidence for alternations in hypothalamic galanin expression and secretion in humans, as they were previously documented in experimental models. PMID: 22162474 Analysis in neuroblastoma cells demonstrates that GAL5.1 acts as an enhancer of promoter activity after protein kinase C activation. PMID: 21716262 Chronic constriction injury results in galanin upregulation in dorsal root ganglion and sciatic nerve, although less in transgenic mice with nuclear factor-kappaB inhibition. PMID: 21352816 Cerebrospinal fluid levels of total but not free IgG autoantibodies against galanin are increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in increased percentage of galanin autoantibodies present as immune complexes. PMID: 22078238 acute alcohol withdrawal was associated with decreased galanin serum levels PMID: 21199668 provides substantive evidence that GAL sustains the expression of genes subserving multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in hyperinnervated cholinergic NB neurons compared to nonhyperinnervated neu-ron PMID: 19749437 The reported associations in independent samples of Alzheimer Disease and Major Depressive Disorder support an estrogen-dependent function of GAL in pathophysiology of anxiety and depression, affecting response to antidepressant treatment. PMID: 20237460 galanin is expressed developmentally in the DRG PMID: 11712539 an involvement of GAL in various physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract PMID: 12471460 data suggest a role for endogenous galanin in the adaptive responses to acute orthostatic stress preventing syncope in susceptible individuals PMID: 12647269 Galanin is present in human DRGs together with CGRP and substance P, mostly in small neurons. Galanin may mediate processing of sensory information, especially pain, in human DRGs and dorsal horn. PMID: 12654333 The involvement of galanin is reviewed in the modulation of such functions as neurotransmitter release, memory, pain, depression, anxiety, obesity, gut motility, neuroendocrine regulation, development and neuroregeneration. PMID: 12769595 corticotroph, but not GH adenomas, express high levels of galanin, in addition to ACTH, and in some tumors both polypeptides are synthesised in the same cell population; galanin levels in plasma were not influenced by the tumor galanin content PMID: 14700749 human galanin expresses amphipathic properties in the presence of phospholipids which in turn amplifies its vasoactive effects in the intact peripheral microcirculation. PMID: 14706552 These galanin-LHRH and LHRH-galanin contacts may be functional synapses, and they may be the morphological substrate of the galanin-controlled gonadal functions in humans. PMID: 15283968 Serum galanin concentration in post-menopausal women is related to severity of climacteric syndrome; presence of nervousness in post-menopausal women is related to lower serum galanin level. PMID: 15648541 Blood levels correlate with type 2 diabetes and not with obesity or hormonal status in postmenopause. PMID: 15735230

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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