Recombinant Human Dystonin (DST) Protein (His)

Name: Recombinant Human Dystonin (DST) Protein (His)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-03178P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Collections: All products, High-quality recombinant proteins, Other recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Dystonin (DST) Protein (His) is produced by our Yeast expression system. This is a protein fragment.
Purity	Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Uniprotkb	Q03001
Target Symbol	DST
Synonyms	DST; BP230; BP240; BPAG1; DMH; DT; KIAA0728Dystonin; 230 kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen; 230/240 kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen; Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1; BPA; Bullous pemphigoid antigen; Dystonia musculorum protein; Hemidesmosomal plaque protein
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	Yeast
Tag	N-6His
Target Protein Sequence	MHSSSYSYRSSDSVFSNTTSTRTSLDSNENLLLVHCGPTLINSCISFGSESFDGHRLEMLQQIANRVQRDSVICEDKLILAGNALQSDSKRLESGVQFQNEAEIAGYILECENLLRQHVIDVQILIDGKYYQADQLVQRVAKLRDEIMALRNECSSVYSKGRILTTEQTKLMISGITQSLNSGFAQTLHPSLTSG
Expression Range	1-195aa
Protein Length	Partial of Isoform 3
Mol. Weight	23.7kDa
Research Area	Signal Transduction
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	Cytoskeletal linker protein. Acts as an integrator of intermediate filaments, actin and microtubule cytoskeleton networks. Required for anchoring either intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton in neural and muscle cells or keratin-containing intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells. The proteins may self-aggregate to form filaments or a two-dimensional mesh. Regulates the organization and stability of the microtubule network of sensory neurons to allow axonal transport. Mediates docking of the dynein/dynactin motor complex to vesicle cargos for retrograde axonal transport through its interaction with TMEM108 and DCTN1.; plays a structural role in the assembly of hemidesmosomes of epithelial cells; anchors keratin-containing intermediate filaments to the inner plaque of hemidesmosomes. Required for the regulation of keratinocyte polarity and motility; mediates integrin ITGB4 regulation of RAC1 activity.; required for bundling actin filaments around the nucleus.; regulates the organization and stability of the microtubule network of sensory neurons to allow axonal transport.
Subcellular Location	Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, stress fiber. Cell projection, axon.; [Isoform 1]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, Z line. Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, H zone.; [Isoform 2]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton.; [Isoform 3]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell junction, hemidesmosome.; [Isoform 6]: Nucleus. Nucleus envelope. Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, stress fiber.; [Isoform 7]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell projection, axon. Membrane. Note=Associates with axonal microtubules and intermediate filaments, but not with actin cytoskeleton, in sensory neurons.; [Isoform 8]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, cell cortex. Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor.
Database References	HGNC: 1090 OMIM: 113810 KEGG: hsa:667 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000244364 UniGene: PMID: 28468842 dystonin and bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 are encoded by the same gene but are different proteins with different diseases [review] PMID: 26479498 Two of the six genes (LAMA3 and DST) validated by quantitative RT-PCR for tumor-specific alternative splicing events PMID: 24675808 Results identify four families with autosomal recessive EBS from Kuwait in whom the skin fragility is caused by recurrent nonsense mutation in DST-4. PMID: 25059916 Circulating anti-BP230 autoantibodies are not correlated with severity of genital lichen sclerosis or itching. PMID: 24676719 A key role for BPAG1-e in regulating keratinocyte adhesion and migration and suggest a requirement for this protein in controlling functional switching between integrin types in epithelial cells. PMID: 24025550 Authors conclude that, during entry of herpes simplex virus 1, dystonin has a specific role in plus-ended transport of capsids from the centrosome to the nucleus. PMID: 23903849 Mutations of the EF-hands of BPAG1n4 abolish calcium-dependent microtubule plus end dynamics. PMID: 22995871 study identifies dystonin, a cytoskeleton cross-linker involved in microtubule-based transport, as a binding partner of the HSV-1 protein pUL37, implicated in capsid transport; study provides insight into cellular requirements for HSV-1 capsid transport and identifies dystonin as a nonmotor protein part of transport machinery PMID: 23269794 There is a significantly enhanced ratio between the dynorphin A immunoreactive area and the whole area of the entopeduncular nucleus in genetically dystonic hamsters compared to controls. PMID: 21638337 This is the first report of a defect in the neuronal isoform of dystonin in humans. PMID: 22522446 in motile cells Col XVII recruits BPAG1e to alpha6beta4 integrin and is necessary for activation of signaling pathways, motile behavior, and lamellipodial stability. PMID: 21642434 Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1) was identified as a melanoma antigen recognized by its auto-antibody. PMID: 20479946 A homozygous nonsense mutation within the dystonin gene coding for the coiled-coil domain of the epithelial isoform of BPAG1 underlies a new subtype of autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. PMID: 20164846 BPAG1-b was detectable in vitro and in vivo as a high molecular mass protein in striated and heart muscle cells, co-localizing with alpha-actinin-2 and partially with the cytolinker plectin as well as with the intermediate filament protein desmin. PMID: 19932097 keratinocyte responsive element 3 functions as a position-, copy number-, and orientation-dependent cis-element contributing to tissue-specific regulation of the 230-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen gene. PMID: 12542537 Bpag1 is not strictly a cytoplasmic/membrane protein but that it can also localize to the nucleus PMID: 14576348 Additional autoantibodies against a 230-kDa protein and against a 190-kDa protein comigrating with bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BP230) and periplakin, respectively, were present in all the patients' sera. PMID: 14705806 IFN-gamma-IRF system is involved in BPAG1 gene regulation in type-1 helper T-cell inflammatory skin conditions, such as psoriasis vulgaris PMID: 15560761 antibodies against BP230 can elicit the clinical and immunopathological features of Bullous pemphigoid in neonatal mice PMID: 15725571 findings demonstrated that disruption of the IFN-stimulated responsive element sequences, but not the IFNgamma activation site, markedly suppressed the BPAG1 basal promoter activity and resulted in attenuated IFNgamma response in keratinocytes PMID: 16512878 We report the crystal structure of a stable fragment from BPAG1, residues 226-448, defined by limited proteolysis of the whole plakin domain. The plakin domains has two pairs of spectrin repeats interrupted by a putative Src-Homology 3 (SH3) domain. PMID: 17161423 IgE autoantibodies to BP180 and BP230 are detected at high frequencies in bullous pemphigoid. PMID: 17920818 Vitamin D(3) inhibits expression of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 through post-transcriptional mechanism without new protein synthesis. PMID: 18207369 BPAG1e is required for efficient regulation of keratinocyte polarity and migration by determining the activation of Rac1. PMID: 19403692

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

To learn more about how to properly dissolve the lyophilized recombinant protein, please visit Lyophilization FAQs.