Recombinant Human Cytoglobin (CYGB) Protein (His-SUMO)

Name: Recombinant Human Cytoglobin (CYGB) Protein (His-SUMO)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLC-10136P
Availability: InStock

Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Cytoglobin (CYGB) Protein (His-SUMO) is produced by our E.coli expression system. This is a full length protein.
Purity	Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Uniprotkb	Q8WWM9
Target Symbol	CYGB
Synonyms	Cygb; CYGB_HUMAN; Cytoglobin; Hgb; Histoglobin; STAP; Stellate cell activation associated protein ; Stellate cell activation-associated protein
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
Expression System	E.coli
Tag	N-6His-SUMO
Target Protein Sequence	MEKVPGEMEIERRERSEELSEAERKAVQAMWARLYANCEDVGVAILVRFFVNFPSAKQYFSQFKHMEDPLEMERSPQLRKHACRVMGALNTVVENLHDPDKVSSVLALVGKAHALKHKVEPVYFKILSGVILEVVAEEFASDFPPETQRAWAKLRGLIYSHVTAAYKEVGWVQQVPNATTPPATLPSSGP
Expression Range	1-190aa
Protein Length	Full Length
Mol. Weight	37.4kDa
Research Area	Transport
Form	Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Buffer	Liquid form: default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. Lyophilized powder form: the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0.
Reconstitution	Briefly centrifuged the vial prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. It is recommended to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. The default final concentration of glycerol is 50%.
Storage	1. Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. 2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 3. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week. 4. In general, protein in liquid form is stable for up to 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. Protein in lyophilized powder form is stable for up to 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Notes	Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Target Details

Target Function	May have a protective function during conditions of oxidative stress. May be involved in intracellular oxygen storage or transfer.
Subcellular Location	Cytoplasm.
Protein Families	Globin family
Database References	HGNC: 16505 OMIM: 608759 KEGG: hsa:114757 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000293230 UniGene: Hs.95120
Tissue Specificity	Ubiquitously expressed. Highest expression in heart, stomach, bladder and small intestine.

Gene Functions References

The results obtained in this study (1) show that plasma-produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can extensively oxidize proteins and (2) that the oxidation status of two redox-active cysteines lead to different conformations of CYGB. PMID: 30081385
Endothelial cells facilitate the ability of smooth muscle cells to metabolize nitric oxide through upregulation of cytoglobin. PMID: 29969687
FGF2 initiates CYGB transcription via the JNK pathway. PMID: 28916723
the study reveals a novel mechanism for the regulated expression of Cygb and also assigns a new role to Cygb in cell cycle control. PMID: 28948618
Data suggest that cytochrome b5 (CYB5) and cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (CYB5R3) can reduce human cytoglobin (CYGB) and zebrafish cytoglobins at rates up to 250-fold higher than those reported for the known physiological substrates, hemoglobin and myoglobin; the three proteins (CYB5+CYB5R3+CYGB) appear to constitute a metabolon involved in generation of nitric oxide. PMID: 28671819
DeltaNp63-CYGB axis is also present in lung and breast cancer cell lines, indicating that CYGB-mediated ROS-scavenging activity may also have a role in epithelial tumours PMID: 26096935
Propose a bipartite lipid binding model that rationalizes the modes of interactions of cytoglobin with phospholipids, the effects on structural re-arrangements and the peroxidase activity of the hemoprotein. PMID: 26928591
This review provides an overview of the proposed role of cytoglobin and explores its potential functional role as a biomarker for cancer and other diseases PMID: 26339645
Cygb, expressed in hepatic stellate cells during liver fibrosis, plays role in cancer development with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PMID: 25665792
Cygb stabilizes p53 by inhibiting its ubiquitination and elicit cell cycle arrest in DNA damaged cells. PMID: 25269893
The cysteine redox state of the monomer controls histidine dissociation rate constants and hence extrinsic ligand binding in human cytoglobin. PMID: 25601563
The monomeric cytoglobin protein with an internal disulfide bond between the two cysteine residues Cys38 and Cys83, interacts with lipids to induce a change in haem co-ordination. PMID: 25327890
Protein multimerization may be a mechanism that triggers physiological functions of human cytoglobin. PMID: 24632414
Our data provides evidence that cytoglobin regulates the ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion. PMID: 24737588
This review outlines the current understanding of Cygb's involvement in tumor hypoxia and discusses its role in tumorigenesis. PMID: 24816917
Molecular dynamics studies of four cytoglobinCO models indicated that the distal E7 residue was a crucial influence on the dynamics of cytoglobinCO in terms of loop fluctuations, cavity rearrangement, and slight heme motion. PMID: 24037220
Reduction of the internal disulfide bond between Cys 38 and 83 switches the ligand migration pathway in cytoglobin. PMID: 24008134
Cytoglobin is expressed in hepatic stellate cells, but not in myofibroblasts, in normal and fibrotic human liver, so it thus a useful marker to distinguish these cells. PMID: 24296877
Results show that CYGB revealed Tumor Suppressor Gene properties in normoxia but promoted tumourigenic potential of the cells exposed to stress, suggesting a bimodal function in lung tumourigenesis. PMID: 23591990
Reduction of Cygb by cellular reductants enables Cygb to efficiently regulate nitric oxide metabolism in the vascular wall in an oxygen-dependent manner. PMID: 23710929
Report cytoglobin expression in human brain. PMID: 23160832
A substantial change in both protein dynamics and inner cavities is observed upon transition from the CO-liganded to the pentacoordinated and bis-histidyl hexacoordinated species, which could be exploited as a signalling state. PMID: 23308092
Cygb-mediated nitrite reduction can play an important role in NO generation and soluble guanylyl cyclase activation under hypoxic conditions PMID: 22896706
This suggests that Cytoglobin is likely not important for global neuronal protection following ischemia and the role of Cytoglobin in relation to endogenous neuroprotection remains unresolved. PMID: 22750003
Coexistence of Cygb with efficient reductants in tissues allows Cygb to function as an oxygen-dependent regulator of nitric oxide (NO) decay. A related kinetic model predicts the NO consumption rate. PMID: 22577939
normal physiological concentrations of cytoglobin do not offer cytoprotection from reactive oxygen species PMID: 22359545
Cytoglobin, a protein that can be induced in response to oxidative stress, is elevated in most atrophic foci in adenocarcinoma of the prostate, suggesting hypoxic, and/or oxidative damage. PMID: 22025306
knockdown of cytoglobin expression can sensitize human glioma cells to oxidative stress PMID: 21631290
Binding of ferric cytoglobin to lipids and their subsequent transformation may be integral to the physiological function of cytoglobin, generating cell signalling lipid molecules under an oxidative environment. PMID: 21171964
Cygb has a nitric-oxide dioxygenase function and ascorbate and cytochrome b(5) have roles as reductants PMID: 20511233
Cytoglobin displays biphasic kinetics after the photolysis of CO, as a result of competition with an internal protein ligand, the E7 distal histidine. PMID: 20553503
A ubiquitously expressed human hexacoordinate hemoglobin PMID: 11893755
vertebrate myoglobins are in fact a specialized intracellular globin that evolved in adaptation to the special needs of muscle cells PMID: 11919282
cloned, deduced amino acid sequence and expressed in diseased liver tissue where stellate cells were present PMID: 12359339
characterization of the heme environmental structure of this protein, a fourth globin in humans PMID: 12718557
differential expression of cytoglobin argues against a general respiratory function of this molecule, but rather indicates a connective tissue-specific function PMID: 14660570
hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy is not caused by point mutations of cytoglobin PMID: 15052627
Results describe the crystal structure of cytoglobin, which displays heme hexa-coordination. PMID: 15095869
reporting of X-ray crystallographic structure PMID: 15165856
Cytoglobin is a novel candidate tumour suppressor gene highly methylated in upper aero-digestive tract squamous cancer PMID: 16449996
We now show that cytoglobin gene expression in oesophageal biopsies from tylotic patients is dramatically reduced by approximately 70% compared with normal oesophagus. Furthermore, both alleles are equally repressed PMID: 16510494
Results provide the first evidence to suggest the implication of CYGB in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer. PMID: 16698880
The structure of a new crystal form of cytoglobin reveals a new dimerization arrangement of cytoglobin. PMID: 16699195
Pomoter elements of human CYGB gene are located between -1113 to -10 relative to the translation start site. PMID: 16797742
hypoxia responsive elements (HREs) at positions -141, -144 and -448 were essential for activation of CYGB expression under hypoxic conditions. The binding of hypoxia inducible factor protein to the HREs was confirmed. PMID: 17936249
A role for cytoglobin in cytoprotection of neuronal cells from oxidative-related damage. PMID: 18353768
Data constitute the first direct functional evidence for CYGB, the newest member of the globin family, as a tumor suppressor gene. PMID: 18794132
cytoglobin contributes to cell-mediated NO dioxygenation and represents an important NO sink in the vascular wall. PMID: 19147491
CYGB gene is regulated by both promoter methylation and tumour hypoxia in HNSCC and that increased expression of this gene correlates with clincopathological measures of a tumour's biological aggression. PMID: 19568272

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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