Recombinant Human PD-L1 Protein (C-Flag)

Beta LifeScience SKU/CAT #: BL-1924NP
BL-1924NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
BL-1924NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)

Recombinant Human PD-L1 Protein (C-Flag)

Beta LifeScience SKU/CAT #: BL-1924NP
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Product Overview

Description Recombinant Human Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1 is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Phe19-Thr239 is expressed with a Flag tag at the C-terminus.
Accession Q9NZQ7
Synonym Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1; PD-L1; PDCD1 Ligand 1; Programmed Death Ligand 1; B7 Homolog 1; B7-H1; CD274; B7H1; PDCD1L1; PDCD1LG1; PDL1
Gene Background CD274, also known as B7-H1 or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), is a 40 kD type I transmembrane protein and a member of the B7 family within the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily. Programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) has been identified as the ligand for the immunoinhibitory receptor programmed death-1(PD1/PDCD1) and has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. By binding to PD1 on activated T-cells and B-cells, PD-L1 may inhibit ongoing T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell-cycle progression. Accordingly, it leads to growth of immunogenic tumor growth by increasing apoptosis of antigen specific T cells and may contribute to immune evasion by cancers. PD-L1 thus is regarded as promising therapeutic target for human autoimmune disease and malignant cancers.
Molecular Mass 26.3 KDa
Apmol Mass 35-40 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20mM PB, 150mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
Endotoxin Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
Biological Activity Biologically active. Please contact us to obtain bioactivity data.
Reconstitution Always centrifuge tubes before opening. Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function Plays a critical role in induction and maintenance of immune tolerance to self. As a ligand for the inhibitory receptor PDCD1/PD-1, modulates the activation threshold of T-cells and limits T-cell effector response. Through a yet unknown activating receptor, may costimulate T-cell subsets that predominantly produce interleukin-10 (IL10).; The PDCD1-mediated inhibitory pathway is exploited by tumors to attenuate anti-tumor immunity and escape destruction by the immune system, thereby facilitating tumor survival. The interaction with PDCD1/PD-1 inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) effector function. The blockage of the PDCD1-mediated pathway results in the reversal of the exhausted T-cell phenotype and the normalization of the anti-tumor response, providing a rationale for cancer immunotherapy.
Subcellular Location Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Early endosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Recycling endosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.; [Isoform 1]: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.; [Isoform 2]: Endomembrane system; Single-pass type I membrane protein.
Protein Families Immunoglobulin superfamily, BTN/MOG family
Database References
Tissue Specificity Highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, placenta and lung. Weakly expressed in the thymus, spleen, kidney and liver. Expressed on activated T- and B-cells, dendritic cells, keratinocytes and monocytes.

Gene Functions References

  1. an HBV-pSTAT3-SALL4-miR-200c axis regulates PD-L1 causing T cell exhaustion PMID: 29593314
  2. hypothesized that an oncolytic poxvirus would attract T cells into the tumour, and induce PD-L1 expression in cancer and immune cells, leading to more susceptible targets for anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy PMID: 28345650
  3. multivariate Cox hazards regression analysis identified ALCAM and PD-L1 (both P < 0.01) as potential independent risk factors for primary diffuse pleural mesotheliomas PMID: 28811252
  4. miR-191-5p was identified to have negative correlation with PD-L1 expression and acted as an independent prognostic factor of OS in patients with colon adenocarcinoma. PMID: 30045644
  5. our findings suggest a regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 through data analysis, in vitro and vivo experiments, which is an important factor of immune evasion in GC cells, and CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3 could regulate PD-L1 expression through STAT and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in GC cells. PMID: 29690901
  6. CD163(+)CD204(+) Tumor-associated macrophages possibly play a key role in the invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by T-cell regulation via IL-10 and PD-L1 production. PMID: 28496107
  7. Results demonstrated that the expression of PDL1 in colorectal carcinoma tissue was significantly increased compared with the paracancerous tissue. Blocking PDL1 can inhibit tumor growth by activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells involved in the immune response. PMID: 30272332
  8. miR-574-3p was identified to potentially regulate PD-L1 expression in chordoma, which inversely correlated with PD-L1. Positive PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was associated with advanced stages and TILs infiltration, whereas decreased miR-574-3p level correlated with higher muscle invasion, more severe tumor necrosis and poor patient survival. PMID: 29051990
  9. PD-L1 expression was detected in 69% of cases of primary melanoma of the vulva PMID: 28914674
  10. PD-L1 tumor cell expression is strongly associated with increased HIF-2alpha expression and presence of dense lymphocytic infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PMID: 30144808
  11. Different Signaling Pathways in Regulating PD-L1 Expression in EGFR Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma PMID: 30454551
  12. PD-L1, Ki-67, and p53 staining individually had significant prognostic value for patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer PMID: 28782638
  13. Challenging PD-L1 expressing cytotoxic T cells as a predictor for response to immunotherapy in melanoma PMID: 30050132
  14. Our results confirm and extend prior studies of PD-L1 and provide new data of PD-L2 expression in lymphomas PMID: 29122656
  15. Positive PD-L1 expression is indicative of worse clinical outcome in Xp11.2 renal cell carcinoma. PMID: 28522811
  16. PD-L1 expression in cancer cells is upregulated in response to DNA double-strand break. PMID: 29170499
  17. Targeting PD-L1 Protein is an efficient anti-cancer immunotherapy strategy. (Review) PMID: 30264678
  18. Suggest that PD-L1 may play a relevant role in metastatic spread and may be a candidate prognostic biomarker in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 29742559
  19. PD-L1 immunostaining scoring for non-small cell lung cancer based on immunosurveillance parameters. PMID: 29874226
  20. SLC18A1 might complement other biomarkers currently under study in relation to programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 inhibition PMID: 30194079
  21. Low PDL1 expression is associated with mammary and extra-mammary Paget disease. PMID: 29943071
  22. Low PDL1 mRNA expression is associated with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PMID: 29150702
  23. we found that in advanced stage NSCLC patients who received nivolumab, the C allele of PD-L1 rs4143815 and the G allele of rs2282055 were significantly associated with better ORR and PFS. This is the first report that PD-L1 SNP, which was thought to increase PD-L1 expression, is associated with a response to nivolumab. PMID: 28332580
  24. PD-L1 expression differs between the two components of lung ASCs. Given the complexity of lung ASCs, their treatment outcomes may be improved by administration of both EGFR TKIs and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in cases where EGFR mutations are present and PD-L1 is overexpressed. PMID: 28387300
  25. IDO and B7-H1 expressions were observed in patients with pancreatic carcinoma tissues and are important markers for PC malignant progression PMID: 30029936
  26. There was higher programmed cell death protein ligand-1(PD-L1) expression in post-treatment EBV DNA-positive patients. Post-treatment positive EBV DNA status maybe a useful biomarker of worse outcomes in early stage -stage extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma. PMID: 30116872
  27. PD-L1 is a critical TTP-regulated factor that contributes to inhibiting antitumor immunity. PMID: 29936792
  28. Structural and functional analyses unexpectedly reveal an N-terminal loop outside the IgV domain of PD-1. This loop is not involved in recognition of PD-L1 but dominates binding to nivolumab, whereas N-glycosylation is not involved in binding at all. PMID: 28165004
  29. While mutational analysis appeared similar to that of older patients with OCSCC who lack a smoking history, a comparatively high degree of PD-L1 expression and PD-1/L1 concordance (P=0.001) was found among young female OCSCC patients. PMID: 28969885
  30. PD-L1 expression is predictive of survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, irrespective of rituximab treatment. PMID: 29748856
  31. PD-L1 expression was augmented on CD8+ T cells in BALF of a patient with smoldering adult T-cell lymphoma and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. This suggested that the PD-1-PD-L1 system may suppress not only antitumor immunity but also host defense against pathogens and thereby allow establishment of chronic HTLV-1 infection and immunodeficiency. PMID: 28967040
  32. MUC1 drives PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells. PMID: 29263152
  33. Positive PD-L1 expression was found in 36.8% of inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) samples but was not significantly associated with the clinicopathologic variables examined. Worse overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with positive PD-L1, negative estrogen receptor, and triple-negative status. The 5-year OS rate was 36.4% for patients with PD-L1-positive IBC and 47.3% for those with PD-L1-negative. PMID: 29425258
  34. PD-L1 expression display a highly variable distribution in clear cell renal cell carcinomas and this particularity should be kept in mind when selecting the tumor samples to be tested for immunotherapy. PMID: 29661736
  35. Report relatively low level PD-L1 positivity in treatment-naive acinar prostatic adenocarcinoma. PMID: 30257853
  36. High PD-L1 expression is associated with pulmonary metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 29937180
  37. these data suggest that DNA-damage signaling is insufficient for upregulating PD-L1 in normal human dermal fibroblasts PMID: 29859207
  38. High CD274 expression is associated with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PMID: 28669079
  39. This study provides important evidence of higher levels of agreement of PD-L1 expression in pulmonary metastasis compared with in multiple primary lung cancer, and high positivity of PD-L1 expression in pulmonary metastatic lesions with wild-type EGFR in an Asian population. PMID: 29254651
  40. High PD-L1 expression is associated with Mycobacterium avium complex-induced lung disease. PMID: 28169347
  41. PD-L1 expression in tumor-associated immune cells may be associated with a higher probability of clinical response to avelumab in metastatic breast cancer PMID: 29063313
  42. The expression of PDL1 was significantly increased following treatment with gefitinib. PMID: 29901173
  43. These results demonstrated that the IFNGinduced immunosuppressive properties of B7H1 in human BM and WJMSCs were mediated by STAT1 signaling, and not by PI3K/RACalpha serine/threonineprotein kinase signaling PMID: 29901104
  44. PD-1/PD-L1 expression is a frequent occurrence in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas of the digestive system. PMID: 29037958
  45. High CD274 expression is associated with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. PMID: 30275195
  46. Studied expression levels of CD274 molecule (PD-L1) in thymic epithelial tumors. Found PD-L1 expression level correlated with the degree of TET malignancy. PMID: 29850538
  47. Authors assessed PD-L1 expression in both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the tumor specimens (complete histological sections, not tissue microarray). PMID: 28420659
  48. We conclude that a subgroup of advanced disease ovarian cancer patients with high grade tumors, expressing PD-L1, may be prime candidates for immunotherapy targeting PD-1 signaling PMID: 29843813
  49. PD-L1 expression is a prognostic factor related with poor survival among patients that developed non-small cell lung cancer. PMID: 29614306
  50. The inhibition of PTEN also reduced the cancer effects of CD4+ T cells on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines following miR-142-5p downregulation. Therefore, our study demonstrated that miR-142-5p regulated CD4+ T cells in human NSCLC through PD-L1 expression via the PTEN pathway. PMID: 29767245

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

To learn more about how to properly dissolve the lyophilized recombinant protein, please visit Lyophilization FAQs.

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