Recombinant Human GITR Protein (Fc Tag)

Collections: Co-stimulatory receptors, Cytokines and growth factors, Featured immune checkpoint protein molecules, Immune checkpoint proteins, Recombinant proteins, Tumor necrosis factors and receptors (tnfs)

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Product Overview

Tag	Fc
Host Species	Human
Accession	Q9Y5U5
Synonym	GITR Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18;Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein;Tnfrsf18; AITR;CD357;GITR-D;TNFRSF18
Background	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18(Gitr) contains 3 TNFR-Cys repeats and it have four isforms.IsformA,isformB and isformC is single-pass type I membrane protein and isformD is a secreted protein. The protein is the receptor for TNFSF18.It seems to be involved in interactions between activated T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells and in the regulation of T-cell receptor-mediated cell death. It mediated NF-kappa-B activation via the TRAF2/NIK pathway.It binds to TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3, but not TRAF5 and TRAF6 and binds through its C-terminus to SIVA1/SIVA.It preferentially expressed in activated T lymphocytes and up-regulated in peripherical mononuclear cells after antigen stimulation/lymphocyte activation.
Description	A DNA sequence encoding the human TNFRSF18 (Q9Y5U5-1) (Met1-Glu161) was produced with the Fc region of human IgG1 at the C-terminus.
Source	HEK293
Predicted N Terminal	Gln 26
AA Sequence	Met1-Glu161
Molecular Weight	The recombinant human TNFRSF18/Fc is a disulfide-linked homodimer. The reduced monomer comprises 377 amino acids and has a predicted molecular mass of 41.5 kDa. The apparent molecular mass of the protein is approximately 96 and 45 kDa in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
Purity	Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Endotoxin	< 1.0 EU per μg of the protein as determined by the LAL method
Bioactivity	Please contact us for detailed information
Formulation	Lyophilized from sterile PBS, pH 7.4
Stability	Recombinnat Proteins are stable for up to 1 year from date of receipt at -70°C
Usage	For Research Use Only
Storage	Store recombinant protein under sterile conditions at -20°C to -80°C. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Target Details

Target Function	Receptor for TNFSF18. Seems to be involved in interactions between activated T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells and in the regulation of T-cell receptor-mediated cell death. Mediated NF-kappa-B activation via the TRAF2/NIK pathway.
Subcellular Location	[Isoform 1]: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.; [Isoform 2]: Secreted.
Database References	HGNC: 11914 OMIM: 603905 KEGG: hsa:8784 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000328207 UniGene: Hs.212680
Tissue Specificity	Expressed in lymph node, peripheral blood leukocytes and weakly in spleen.

Gene Functions References

HTLV-1 infection can modify the expression of main functional transcription factors, FOXP3 and GITR PMID: 28101786
a novel molecular mechanism by which MBD4 inhibits GITR expression in a DNMT1-dependent manner PMID: 28542810
Aberrant expression of GITR may contribute to systemic lupus erithematosus pathogenesis. Glucocorticoid may achieve its therapeutic effect partly by inducing GITR expression on Tresps rather than Tregs, which initiates the apoptosis of Tresp cells in SLE patients. PMID: 25293713
GITR expression can enhance the sensitivity to Bortezomib by inhibiting Bortezomib-induced NF-kappaB activation. PMID: 25973846
GITR is a crucial player in differentiation of thymic regulatory T cells and expansion of regulatory T cells, including both thymic regulatory T cells and peripheral regulatory T cells. PMID: 25961057
Data may suggest a key role of regulatory GITR+CD25 low/-CD4+ T cells subset in the modulation of the abnormal immune response in lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. PMID: 25256257
results suggest that the GITR rs3753348 polymorphism may be involved in the development and susceptibility of CWP. PMID: 25445616
these results show a higher susceptibility to apoptosis in patients' versus controls' T(reg) cells, suggesting that GITR is a T(reg)-cell marker that would be primarily involved in T(reg)-cell survival rather than in their suppressor function. PMID: 23929911
Our findings indicate the possible involvement of GITR-GITRL pathway in the pathogenesis of pSS. PMID: 23935647
GITR acts as a potential tumor suppressor in MM. PMID: 23785514
Data indicate that the mRNAs of CTLA-4 and GITR genes were expressed at lower levels in CVID patients compared to control group. PMID: 23432692
GITR is pathologically expressed on Treg cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID: 22516990
Liver tumor Tregs up-regulate the expression of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor compared with Tregs in tumor-free liver tissue and blood. PMID: 22911397
Results suggest that GITR expression might indicate a molecular link between steroid use and complicated acute sigmoid diverticulitis. Increased MMP-9 expression by GITR signalling might explain morphological changes in the colonic wall in diverticulitis. PMID: 22309286
The regulatory SNPs identified in this study will provide useful information for understanding the relevance of sequence polymorphisms in populations of different background and may serve as a basis to study parasite susceptibility in association studies PMID: 21445534
GITRL may contribute to disease pathophysiology and resistance to direct and Rituximab-induced NK reactivity in CLL PMID: 22064350
GITR, which transmits a signal that abrogates regulatory T cell functions, was elevated in early rheumatoid arthritis. PMID: 21670968
DCs transfected with mRNA encoding a humanized anti-CTLA-4 mAb and mRNA encoding a soluble human GITR fusion protein enhance the induction of anti-tumor CTLs in response to DCs. PMID: 22028176
Findings suggest that GITR-expression of TILs is associated with cancer progression. PMID: 21694467
Although GITR transgene costimulation can therapeutically enhance T helper (Th) type 2 cell responses, GITR-GITR ligand interactions are not required for development of Th2-mediated resistance or pathology. PMID: 21705620
Data indicate that CD4(+) CD25(low) GITR(+) cells represent a low percentage of the CD4(+) T-cell population (0.32-1.74%) and are mostly memory cells. PMID: 21557210
study concludes, the rs3753348 C/G SNP in the GITR is associated with Hashimoto's disease prognosis and expression on T(reg) and T(eff) cells PMID: 21592113
GITR rapidly recruits TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) in a ligand-dependent manner; data indicate that the cytoplasmic domain of GITR contains a single TRAF binding site where acidic residues 202/203 and 211-213 are critical for this interaction. PMID: 15944293
Since regulatory T-cells are localized in the vicinity of GITRL-expressing cells in atopic dermatitis skin, the GITR/GITRL interaction may serve to perpetuate the inflammation locally. PMID: 16955181
This protein has been shown to stimulate T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in mice, and now in a human tumor cell line. PMID: 17360848
These data suggest that, despite abnormal GITR expression during HIV infection, GITR triggering enhances HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell cytokine expression and protects HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells from apoptosis. PMID: 17538882
although GITR is an activation marker for NK cells similar to that for T cells, GITR serves as a negative regulator for NK cell activation PMID: 18230609
CD4(+)CD25(+) effector memory T-cells expressing CD134 and GITR seem to play a role in disease mechanisms, as suggested by their close association with disease activity and their participation in the inflammatory process in Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID: 18723571
mechanism of IgG4 induction by regulatory cells involves GITR-GITR-L interactions, IL-10 and TGF-beta. PMID: 18924213
Data show that in humans GITRL expression subverts NK cell immunosurveillance of AML. PMID: 19155305
mRNA level for CTLA-4, ICOS1, IL-23, IL-27, SMAD3 and GITR were lower in T regulatory cells of children with diabetes compared to the control patients PMID: 19547759

FAQs

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

To learn more about how to properly dissolve the lyophilized recombinant protein, please visit Lyophilization FAQs.