Recombinant Human Mer Protein (His & GST Tag)

Beta LifeScience SKU/CAT #: BLPSN-3336

Recombinant Human Mer Protein (His & GST Tag)

Beta LifeScience SKU/CAT #: BLPSN-3336
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Product Overview

Tag His&GST
Host Species Human
Accession Q12866
Synonym c-Eyk, c-mer, MER, RP38, Tyro12
Background Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER (MERTK) is a member of the MER/AXL/TYRO3 receptor kinase family and encodes a transmembrane protein with two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, and one tyrosine kinase domain. MERTK is localized in membrane and is no expressed in normal B- and T-lymphocytes but is expressed in numerous neoplastic B- and T-cell lines. This protein is highly expressed in testis, ovary, prostate, lung, and kidney, with lower expression in spleen, small intestine, colon, and liver. MERTK regulates many physiological processes including cell survival, migration, differentiation, and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis). Ligand binding at the cell surface induces autophosphorylation of MERTK on its intracellular domain that provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. MERTK signaling plays a role in various processes such as macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, cytoskeleton reorganization and engulfment. MERTK plays also an important role in inhibition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated innate immune response by activating STAT1, which selectively induces production of suppressors of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3. Defects in MERTK are the cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 38.
Description A DNA sequence encoding the human MERTK (Q12866) protein kinase domain (Glu 578-Tyr 872) was fused with the N-terminal His-tagged GST tag at the N-terminus.
Source Baculovirus-Insect Cells
Predicted N Terminal Met
AA Sequence Glu 578-Tyr 872
Molecular Weight The recombinant human MERTK (aa578-872)/GST chimera consists of 532 a.a. and has a calculated molecular mass of 62 kDa. It migrates as an approximately 50 kDa band in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
Purity >92% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Endotoxin < 1.0 EU per μg of the protein as determined by the LAL method
Formulation Supplied as sterile 50mM Tris, 100mM NaCl, pH 7.4, 20% gly, 0.3mM DTT.
Stability The recombinant proteins are stable for up to 1 year from date of receipt at -70°C.
Usage For Research Use Only
Storage Store the protein under sterile conditions at -20°C to -80°C. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Target Details

Target Function Receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding to several ligands including LGALS3, TUB, TULP1 or GAS6. Regulates many physiological processes including cell survival, migration, differentiation, and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis). Ligand binding at the cell surface induces autophosphorylation of MERTK on its intracellular domain that provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. Following activation by ligand, interacts with GRB2 or PLCG2 and induces phosphorylation of MAPK1, MAPK2, FAK/PTK2 or RAC1. MERTK signaling plays a role in various processes such as macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, cytoskeleton reorganization and engulfment. Functions in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a regulator of rod outer segments fragments phagocytosis. Plays also an important role in inhibition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated innate immune response by activating STAT1, which selectively induces production of suppressors of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3.
Subcellular Location Membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.
Protein Families Protein kinase superfamily, Tyr protein kinase family, AXL/UFO subfamily
Database References
Associated Diseases Retinitis pigmentosa 38 (RP38)
Tissue Specificity Not expressed in normal B- and T-lymphocytes but is expressed in numerous neoplastic B- and T-cell lines. Highly expressed in testis, ovary, prostate, lung, and kidney, with lower expression in spleen, small intestine, colon, and liver.

Gene Functions References

  1. The targeted NGS strategy employed provides an efficient tool for RP pathogenic gene detection. This study identified a new autosomal recessive mutation in the RP-related gene MERTK, which expands the spectrum of RP disease-causing mutations PMID: 29437494
  2. We observed that the frequency for the wild-type haplotype was higher in the control group, compared to that in the group of patients with COPD, in the subgroup analysis of current smokers, although the difference was not statistically significant PMID: 29359540
  3. Study describes a novel cellular pathway involved in diabetic efferocytosis, wherein diabetes-induced decrease in miR-126 expression results in upregulation of ADAM9 expression that in-turn leads proteolytic cleavage of MerTK and formation of inactive soluble Mer. Decrease in MerTK phosphorylation leads to reduced downstream cytoskeletal signaling required for engulfment and thus decreases efferocytosis. PMID: 27827458
  4. Phosphatidylserine mediated hyperactivation of Mertk.MERTK promotes epithelial cell efferocytosis in a tyrosine kinase-dependent manner.MERTK role in AKT-dependent drug resistance. PMID: 28184013
  5. STK 11 testing can confirm those at risk of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, who require lifelong surveillance, and possibly release those with a simple dermatosis, such as Laugier-Hunziker syndrome, from invasive and thus potentially harmful surveillance. PMID: 26768676
  6. The broad-spectrum activity mediated by UNC2025 in leukemia patient samples and xenograft models, alone or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, supports continued development of MERTK inhibitors for treatment of leukemia PMID: 27649555
  7. The expression of MerTK and AxlTK varied according to the deposition of immunoglobulin and complements on glomeruli. Both MerTK and AxlTK expressions were increased on glomeruli and varied according to pathological classifications. PMID: 28127639
  8. Study identified the Gas6/TAM receptor pathway with Tyro3 and Mer as novel targets in colorectal cancer. PMID: 27486820
  9. MERTK is frequently overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and plays an important role in tumor cell motility. PMID: 27081701
  10. these data suggest that endogenous GAS6 and Mer receptor signaling contribute to the establishment of prostate cancer stem cells in the bone marrow microenvironment PMID: 27028863
  11. Sequence analysis revealed that the proband was a compound heterozygote with two independent mutations in MERTK, a novel nonsense mutation (c.2179C > T) and a previously reported missense variant (c.2530C > T). The proband's affected brother also had both mutations PMID: 28462455
  12. this study shows that viral infection sensitizes fetal membranes by MERTK Inhibition PMID: 28916522
  13. Knockdown of MERTK by shRNA in prostate cancer cells induced a decreased ratio of P-Erk1/2 to P-p38, increased expression of p27, NR2F1, SOX2, and NANOG, induced higher levels of histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, and induced a G1/G0 arrest, all of which are associated with dormancy. PMID: 27753136
  14. MERTK G > A variant affects liver disease, nutrient oxidation and glucose metabolism in NAFLD. PMID: 28334911
  15. Monocyte-induced MerTK cleavage on proreparative MHCII(LO) cardiac macrophages is a novel contributor to myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. PMID: 28851810
  16. Patients with macroalbuminuria diabetes had higher circulating levels of sMer and more urinary soluble Tyro3 and sMer than normoalbuminuric diabetics. Increased clearance of sTyro3 and sMer was associated with loss of tubular Tyro3 and Mer expression in diabetic nephropathy tissue. During in vitro diabetes, human kidney cells had down-regulation of Tyro3 and Mer mRNA and increased shedding of sTyro3 and sMer. PMID: 28668213
  17. evidence that proteolytic cleavage of the macrophage efferocytosis receptor c-Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) reduces efferocytosis and promotes plaque necrosis and defective resolution. PMID: 28067670
  18. Small molecule and antibody inhibitors of AXL and MER have recently been described, and some of these have already entered clinical trials. The optimal design of treatment strategies to maximize the clinical benefit of these AXL and MER targeting agents are discussed in relation to the different cancer types and the types of resistance encountered. PMID: 28251492
  19. A 48 bp insertion sequence was buried within the breakpoint; 18 bps shared homology to MIR4435-2HG and LINC00152, and 30 bp mapped to MERTK. The deletion cosegregated with arRP in the family. PMID: 28324114
  20. In this paper, we review the biology of the Gas6/Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK(collectively named TAM system)and the current evidence supporting its potential role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis . PMID: 27801848
  21. The rs4374383 AA genotype, associated with lower intrahepatic expression of MERTK, is protective against F2-F4 fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). PMID: 26596542
  22. We report a novel missense mutation (c.3G>A, p.0?) in the MERTK gene that causes severe vision impairment in a patient. PMID: 27122965
  23. Utilizing an ex vivo co-cultivation approach to model key cellular and molecular events found in vivo during infarction, cardiomyocyte phagocytosis was found to be inefficient, in part due to myocyte-induced shedding of macrophage MERTK PMID: 26316303
  24. Upon differentiation of these iPSC towards RPE, patient-specific RPE cells exhibited defective phagocytosis, a characteristic phenotype of MERTK deficiency observed in human patients and animal models PMID: 26263531
  25. The current study demonstrates the contribution of the TAM receptor MerTK to the phagocytosis of myelin by human adult microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages. PMID: 26962228
  26. One of the associated variants was also found to be linked with increased expression of MERTK in monocytes and higher expression of MERTK was associated with either increased or decreased risk of developing MS, dependent upon HLA-DRB1*15:01 status. PMID: 26990204
  27. Combined Mertk (and Mfge8) deficiency in macrophages blunted VEGFA release from infarcted hearts. PMID: 26819373
  28. Studies indicate that c-Mer receptor tyrosine kinase MERTK mutations cause retinal degenerations. PMID: 26427420
  29. Data indicate that AAV2-VMD2-c-mer proto-oncogene protein (hMERTK) provided up to 6.5 months photoreceptor rescue in the RCS rat, and also had a major protective effect in Mertk-null mice. PMID: 26427450
  30. Data show that activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) limits retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) phagocytic activity by abolishing retinal photoreceptor cell outer segment (POS)-induced activation of c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MerTK). PMID: 26427488
  31. The mRNA expression levels of Tyro-3, Axl were decreased in pSS patients. When considering the plasma level, increased levels of soluble Mer was observed with statistically significant difference. PMID: 25881761
  32. Mer enhances malignant phenotype and pharmacological inhibition of Mer overcomes resistance of non-small cell lung cancer to EGFR-targeted agents. PMID: 25826078
  33. results identify Mer as a receptor uniquely capable of both tethering ACs to the macrophage surface and driving their subsequent internalization. PMID: 25695599
  34. UNC1666 is a novel potent small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that decreases oncogenic signaling and myeloblast survival by dual Mer/Flt3 inhibition. PMID: 25762638
  35. Significantly increased levels of sMer, sTyro3 and sAxl may be important factors contributing to the deficit in phagocytosis ability in systemic lupus erythematosus . PMID: 25878564
  36. MERTK on DCs controls T cell activation and expansion through the competition for PROS1 interaction with MERTK in the T cells. MERTK is a potent suppressor of T cell response. PMID: 25624460
  37. Inhibition of the Gas6 receptor Mer or therapeutic targeting of Gas6 by warfarin is a promising strategy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. PMID: 25102945
  38. Mer expression correlates with CNS positivity upon initial diagnosis in t(1;19)-positive pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. PMID: 25428221
  39. Patients with ACLF have increased numbers of immunoregulatory monocytes and macrophages that express MERTK and suppress the innate immune response to microbes. The number of these cells correlates with disease severity and the inflammatory response. PMID: 25479139
  40. The key role of the MERTK could be demonstrated in HMDM engulfing dying cells using gene silencing as well as blocking antibodies. Similar pathways were found upregulated in living ARPE-19 engulfing anoikic ARPE-19 cells. PMID: 25450174
  41. These studies demonstrate that, despite their similarity, TYRO3, AXL, and MER are likely to perform distinct functions in both immunoregulation and the recognition and removal of apoptotic cells PMID: 25074926
  42. These data collectively identify MERTK as a significant link between cancer progression and efferocytosis, and a potentially unrealized tumor-promoting event when MERTK is overexpressed in epithelial cells. PMID: 25074939
  43. Both mMer and sMer levels significantly increased in SLE and positively correlated with disease activity and severity. The upregulation of MerTK expression may serve as a biomarker of the disease activity and severity of SLE. PMID: 24741600
  44. The MER receptor pathway promotes wound repair in macrophages and epithelial cell growth. PMID: 24939420
  45. MerTK expression in circulating innate immune cells is increased in patients with septic shock in comparison with healthy volunteers and trauma patients and its persistent overexpression after septic shock is associated with adverse outcome. PMID: 23835724
  46. MERTK has a role in regulating melanoma cell migration and survival and differentially regulates cell behavior relative to AXL PMID: 23617806
  47. data suggest a role for Mer in acute myeloid leukemogenesis and indicate that targeted inhibition of Mer may be an effective therapeutic strategy in pediatric and adult AML PMID: 23474756
  48. [review] Receptor tyrosine kinases Tyro-3, Axl and Mer, collectively designated as TAM, are involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells. PMID: 23662598
  49. These results indicate that Mer and Axl have complementary and overlapping roles in Non-small cell lung cancer PMID: 22890323
  50. MERTK signaling in the retinal pigment epithelium involves a cohort of SH2-domain proteins with the potential to regulate both cytoskeletal rearrangement and membrane movement. PMID: 23390493

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