Recombinant Human Galanin Protein (Fc Tag)

Name: Recombinant Human Galanin Protein (Fc Tag)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLPSN-2182
Availability: InStock

Collections: Other recombinant proteins, Recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Tag	Fc
Host Species	Human
Accession	P22466
Synonym	GAL-GMAP, GALN, GLNN, GMAP
Description	A DNA sequence encoding the human GAL (P22466) (Met1-Ser123) was expressed with the Fc region of human IgG1 at the C-terminus.
Source	HEK293
Predicted N Terminal	Ala 20
AA Sequence	Met1-Ser123
Molecular Weight	The recombinant human GAL/Fc is a disulfide-linked homodimer. The reduced monomer comprises 345 a.a. and has a predicted molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The apparent molecular mass of the protein is approximately 43 kDa in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
Purity	>95% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Endotoxin	< 1.0 EU per μg of the protein as determined by the LAL method
Bioactivity	Please contact us for detailed information
Formulation	Lyophilized from sterile PBS, pH 7.4..
Stability	The recombinant proteins are stable for up to 1 year from date of receipt at -70°C.
Usage	For Research Use Only
Storage	Store the protein under sterile conditions at -20°C to -80°C. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Target Details

Target Function	Endocrine hormone of the central and peripheral nervous systems that binds and activates the G protein-coupled receptors GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3. This small neuropeptide may regulate diverse physiologic functions including contraction of smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, growth hormone and insulin release and adrenal secretion.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.
Protein Families	Galanin family
Database References	HGNC: 4114 OMIM: 137035 KEGG: hsa:51083 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000265643 UniGene: Hs.278959
Associated Diseases	Epilepsy, familial temporal lobe, 8 (ETL8)

Gene Functions References

SNP rs948854 in the GAL gene seems to be involved in the modulation of depressive state, especially in individuals with GG genotype. PMID: 28987550
Higher serum galanin levels were determined in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. PMID: 28416367
Serum galanin (GAL) levels are significantly higher in the obese group compared with lean subjects during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). PMID: 27550417
Galanin per se did not affect the dynamic mass redistribution of natural killer (NK) cells, but significantly enhanced the response of NK cells to IL-18 PMID: 27837916
majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive PMID: 27914762
ultraviolet irradiation upregulated galanin mRNA and protein expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in human skin in vivo PMID: 27943416
GAL and its receptor GALR3 are differentially methylated and expressed in brains of major depressive disorder subjects in a region- and sex-specific manner. PMID: 27940914
Study found dramatic reduction in von Willebrand factor extrusion and multimer expression by the neuropeptide galanin in cultured endocardial endothelial cells from heart failure patients. Results suggest that a combination of beta-blockers and galanin therapy may be one therapeutic option for improving endocardial endothelial anticoagulant function. PMID: 28720509
The analyses revealed that the presence of the galanin gene minor allele (G) increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in men (OR = 2.49, P = 0.008) but not in women. PMID: 27870457
Study provides evidence that GAL and GALR1/2 genes were identified as aberrantly methylated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 27685843
Low levels of plasma galanin is associated with obese subjects with hypertension. PMID: 27538957
results indicated that obese individuals have higher plasma GAL and GALP concentrations and both peptide concentrations were positively correlative to triglyceride concentrations in obese human PMID: 27474259
GAL and its receptors, GALR1 and GALR2, play a role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis PMID: 26572146
Elevated galanin may predict the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus for development of Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 26253934
This study demonstrated that Galanin upregulation within the basal forebrain cholinergic system in LBD PMID: 26621352
Galanin released by cancer induces neuritogenesis, facilitating perineural invasion. PMID: 25917569
Mutations in the human GAL gene cause temporal lobe epilepsy. PMID: 25691535
This is the first report of the various galanin receptors in the human eye. PMID: 26122049
Galanin can be regarded as an immunomodulatory peptide as it can sensitize polymorphonuclear neutrophils towards pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans and mice. PMID: 25545502
found no association of the galanin enhancer genotype with any of the other pathophysiological parameters measured PMID: 25228436
Data shows that high expression of GAL is associated with poor prognosis of stage II colorectal cancer patients (CRC) and GAL expression may be related to the aggressive behavior of CRC. PMID: 25504183
The plasma galanin levels are higher in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus than in normal pregnancy. PMID: 24503374
Data suggest that plasma levels of galanin and interleukin-6 are up-regulated in second trimester in women with gestational diabetes (glucose intolerant/insulin resistant) as compared to normal pregnant women (with normal glucose/insulin tolerance). PMID: 24397394
Galanin plays a crucial role in inhibiting insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells to prevent hyperinsulinemia, which is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [review] PMID: 24106965
Variants in genes for galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3), despite their disparate genomic loci, conferred increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. PMID: 24706871
The SNPs of rs694066 in the GAL gene showed a positive correlation with the major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population. PMID: 23741354
Galanin has a role in regulating eccrine sweat gland secretion PMID: 23278944
These results suggest that the activation of progalanin by plasmin in the extracellular compartment was involved in MMP-9 and MMP-2 activation and in angiogenesis in tumor tissue. PMID: 23261456
Moreover, we have identified a novel role for the GalR1/galanin receptor-ligand axis in chemoresistance, providing evidence to support its further evaluation as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in colorectal cancer . PMID: 22859720
localization of the transcripts for galanin and its receptors (GalR1-R3), tryptophan hydroxylase 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase and the three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT 1-3) in the locus coeruleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus PMID: 23341594
The results indicate the continuous presence of GAL-ergic innervation in the immediate vicinity of the cancer invasion, which may be attributed to increased contraction of the affected part of intestine. PMID: 22226150
Study revealed that plasmin was present in tumor tissue, and that it was responsible for processing progalanin to galanin(1-20) in the extracellular environment. PMID: 21707521
This study suggested that the adenylate GAL related to major depressive disorder. PMID: 21042317
Circulating galanin levels at birth are not affected by GDM and IUGR, providing no evidence for alternations in hypothalamic galanin expression and secretion in humans, as they were previously documented in experimental models. PMID: 22162474
Analysis in neuroblastoma cells demonstrates that GAL5.1 acts as an enhancer of promoter activity after protein kinase C activation. PMID: 21716262
Chronic constriction injury results in galanin upregulation in dorsal root ganglion and sciatic nerve, although less in transgenic mice with nuclear factor-kappaB inhibition. PMID: 21352816
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of total but not free IgG autoantibodies against galanin are increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in increased percentage of galanin autoantibodies present as immune complexes. PMID: 22078238
acute alcohol withdrawal was associated with decreased galanin serum levels PMID: 21199668
provides substantive evidence that GAL sustains the expression of genes subserving multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in hyperinnervated cholinergic NB neurons compared to nonhyperinnervated neu-ron PMID: 19749437
The reported associations in independent samples of Alzheimer Disease and Major Depressive Disorder support an estrogen-dependent function of GAL in pathophysiology of anxiety and depression, affecting response to antidepressant treatment. PMID: 20237460
galanin is expressed developmentally in the DRG PMID: 11712539
an involvement of GAL in various physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract PMID: 12471460
data suggest a role for endogenous galanin in the adaptive responses to acute orthostatic stress preventing syncope in susceptible individuals PMID: 12647269
Galanin is present in human DRGs together with CGRP and substance P, mostly in small neurons. Galanin may mediate processing of sensory information, especially pain, in human DRGs and dorsal horn. PMID: 12654333
The involvement of galanin is reviewed in the modulation of such functions as neurotransmitter release, memory, pain, depression, anxiety, obesity, gut motility, neuroendocrine regulation, development and neuroregeneration. PMID: 12769595
corticotroph, but not GH adenomas, express high levels of galanin, in addition to ACTH, and in some tumors both polypeptides are synthesised in the same cell population; galanin levels in plasma were not influenced by the tumor galanin content PMID: 14700749
human galanin expresses amphipathic properties in the presence of phospholipids which in turn amplifies its vasoactive effects in the intact peripheral microcirculation. PMID: 14706552
These galanin-LHRH and LHRH-galanin contacts may be functional synapses, and they may be the morphological substrate of the galanin-controlled gonadal functions in humans. PMID: 15283968
Serum galanin concentration in post-menopausal women is related to severity of climacteric syndrome; presence of nervousness in post-menopausal women is related to lower serum galanin level. PMID: 15648541
Blood levels correlate with type 2 diabetes and not with obesity or hormonal status in postmenopause. PMID: 15735230

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